teapot-spreadsheet/doc/teapot.lyx

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\pdf_title "Teapot User Guide"
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\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
Teapot User Guide
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Michael Haardt, Jörg Walter, Glen Whitney
\end_layout

\begin_layout Date
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name " http://www.syntax-k.de/projekte/teapot"
target "http://www.syntax-k.de/projekte/teapot"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Publishers
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "https://code.studioinfinity.org/glen/teapot-spreadsheet"
target "https://code.studioinfinity.org/glen/teapot-spreadsheet"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Abstract
For ages, spreadsheet programs have been closely associated with financial
 calculations done by typical end-users.
 But time has shown that there is also hacker's work which can be done with
 them, like calculate monitor timings for various resolutions, or produce
 convincing time statistics which justify the lack of documentation or the
 need for a budget increase to your employer.
 The first part of this user guide explains how the various operations of
 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 are used, whereas the second part gives an introduction to spreadsheets
 and explains the expression evaluator and its functions and operators.
\end_layout

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\begin_inset CommandInset toc
LatexCommand tableofcontents

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Copyright, Contributors and License
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 (Table Editor And Planner, Or: Teapot), is copyrighted 1995–2006 by Michael
 Haardt, and 2009–2010 by Jörg Walter, and 2019 by Glen Whitney, and is
 licensed under the Gnu General Public License v3 or later.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The implementation of clocked expressions is modelled after the description
 of clocked evaluation in the PhD work of Jörg Wittenberger at the University
 of Technology in Dresden, Germany.
 The trigonometric functions were inspired by Koniorczyk Mátyás.
 The context output format was contributed by Marko Schuetz.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The (currently unused) message catalogs were contributed by Guido Müsch,
 Wim van Dorst, and Volodymyr M.
 Lisivka.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
 Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)
 any later version.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License v3 along
 with this program.
 If not, see <
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.gnu.org/licenses/"
literal "false"

\end_inset

>.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Introduction to Spreadsheets
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
General Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A spreadsheet consists of cells formed by rows and columns.
 Additionally, in many spreadsheets you have a third dimension, which you
 can imagine as various layers laying on top of each other.
 The third dimension allows you to hide intermediate results, calculate
 additional results you do not want to appear in the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

official
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 tables, keep information per time period (like 12 layers for each month
 in a year) while allowing you to make calculations over the entire time
 interval and much more.
 Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Three-Dimensional-Spread-Sheet"

\end_inset

 shows the three dimensions:
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Three-Dimensional Spread Sheet Layout
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\begin_layout Standard
You can think of cells as variables, which value is the value of an associated
 expression.
 The expression may be constant, like 1.23, or it may be a function of other
 cell values.
 The advantage compared to a programmable calculator is that if you change
 a number, you directly see all changes in other cells caused by that.
 Often this allows you to get a feeling how much you may change basic sizes
 with still getting satisfying results without having to solve the problem
 analytically.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Spreadsheets offer many editing operations in order to modify, clear, copy
 and move cells or blocks of cells.
 Besides the usual mathematical functions, there are functions which work
 on blocks of cells, like calculating the sum of a block or counting all
 non-empty elements.
 Further there are functions working on character strings, because most
 likely you also want text besides numbers.
 The next section will introduce you to some of these by examples.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 is a traditional spreadsheet and a typical UNIX program, because it does
 just one thing: Calculations.
 It does not include any graphics functions and never will, but it allows
 to export data in many formats, so you can use your favourite graphics
 software.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The First Steps
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now that you have an idea what 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 is about, it is probably a good time to take your first steps with it.
 This section will show you how to create and save a sheet which contains
 two numbers and their sum.
 Start the program without any arguments
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
If you are using the graphical version of 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
, please see section 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand vref
reference "subsec:Differences-Between-User"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
teapot
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You see an empty sheet with the cell cursor being at the upper left corner.
 Further, the status line tells you that this cell is really empty:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
E @(0,0,0)=
\family default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family typewriter
E
\family default
 means that you can edit the sheet.
 A 
\family typewriter
V
\family default
 would mean that you could only view its contents.
 The meaning of 
\family typewriter
@()
\family default
 will be explained soon.
 You are now in the command mode of 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
.
 Press the 
\series bold
Enter
\series default
 key to edit this cell.
 A complete list of command mode operations will be given later.
 A prompt will appear below the status line: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
Cell contents:
\family default
 
\series bold
1
\series default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now the cell at position 0,0,0 has the integer constant 1.
 The status line shows you the cell contents, whereas in the sheet you see
 its value.
 Since constants are identical with their values, both are 1.
 Now move the cell cursor down one row and edit that cell, giving it the
 integer constant 
\family typewriter
41
\family default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now that you have two numbers, move the cell cursor to cell 0,2,0 and give
 that cell the following contents:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
Cell contents:
\family default
 
\series bold
@(0,0,0)+@(0,1,0)
\series default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you were confused about the difference between contents and value of
 a cell, it should become more clear now: The status line shows the contents,
 which is the arithmetic expression to calculate the sum of two cells, whereas
 in the sheet you see the value of that expression: 42, which was to be
 expected.
 
\family typewriter
@(
\family default
\shape italic
x
\family typewriter
\shape default
,
\family default
\shape italic
y
\family typewriter
\shape default
,
\family default
\shape italic
z
\family typewriter
\shape default
)
\family default
 is a function which takes three coordinates and returns the value of the
 cell at the given position.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, the arithmetic expression is not too readable.
 If you would move cells around, it would not even work any more.
 For these reasons, you can use symbolic names instead of coordinates, called
 labels.
 When used in an expression, a label is like a pointer to a cell, its data
 type is 
\emph on
location
\emph default
.
 Move to cell 0,0,0 and use 
\series bold
/
\series default
 (slash) in command mode to get into the main menu.
 Depending on your screen size, you may not see all of it.
 In this case, move the highlighted block right (or left) to scroll through
 it and to see all items.
 Now change its label attribute: A)ttributes, L)abel:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
Cell label:
\family default
 
\series bold
Paper
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Then go one cell down and change its label to 
\series bold
Tapes
\series default
.
 After, move again one cell down and change the expression to: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
Cell contents:
\family default
 
\series bold
@(Paper)+@(Tapes)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you see, you can call the function 
\family typewriter
@
\family default
 with three integer values or with one location value.
 Now the expression is more understandable, at least to you.
 To someone else, the sheet only contained three numbers, so a little text
 should be added.
 To accomplish that, a new column needs to be inserted: B)lock, I)insert,
 C)olumn, W)hole column.
 The last menu item means that you want to insert a whole new column, not
 only a partial column.
 If you move the cursor around, you will see that everything is still fine,
 because you used labels.
 Go to cell 0,0,0 and edit it:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
Cell contents:
\family default
 
\series bold
"Paper:"
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is how you enter strings.
 A string is a data type on its own, don't confuse this with labels.
 If you feel like it, leave the quotes and the colon away, and you will
 see the difference, because the result will not be a string, but the value
 of the label 
\family typewriter
Paper
\family default
, which is 
\family typewriter
&(1,0,0)
\family default
.
 Now change the cells below to 
\series bold
"Tapes:"
\series default
 and 
\series bold
"Result:"
\series default
.
 This is something that is understandable to others, too.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As the last step, save your work sheet to a file: F)ile, S)ave.
 The native file format is Teapot ASCII, so choose that.
 Up to now, your sheet does not have a name, so you will be prompted for
 one:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
New file name:
\family default
 
\series bold
firststep
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Unless you see an error message after, your sheet is written to a file.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you have come this far, quit (from the main menu) and you have successfully
 completed your first steps on using 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
.
 Now you know cells, the difference between contents and values, you learned
 that labels are a good thing and you can do simple cell modifications as
 well as saving your work.
 This is enough for most applications.
 If the capabilities described in the next section confuse you, then it
 is unlikely that you need them really.
 Just skip that section and don't worry about it.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You may wonder what happens if you have circular dependencies, i.e.
 you have a cell which evaluates to its own value plus one.
 Well, the answer is that it depends on the order in which you create this
 cell.
 If you first give it the value 1 and after edit it to contain the expression
 which refers to itself plus 1, then you will find that each recalculation,
 like after editing other cells, will increase the value.
 While this may be funny, it is certainly not useful as you can not reset
 the cell and you have little control of its development.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
What you really want is a base value and an iterative expression along with
 a way to control the recalculations.
 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 supports this by allowing two expressions per cell.
 The expressions you have used so far are the ones which evaluate to the
 base values.
 Each time you edit a cell, the whole sheet will be reset, which means that
 all results are recalculated using the base values.
 After, you can clock the sheet, which is why the iterative part is also
 called clocked expression.
 A clock is an atomic operation, which means that all cell results will
 be recalculated in a way that the new result will only show after the entire
 recalculation.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
An example will demonstrate how to make use of this feature.
 The notation 
\shape italic
x
\shape default
 -> 
\shape italic
y
\shape default
 means that 
\shape italic
x
\shape default
 is the base expression and 
\shape italic
y
\shape default
 is the clocked expression.
 Don't let this confuse you, as both are entered separately: 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 does not have an -> operator, but it displays the cell contents this way
 so you can easily see both expressions at once.
 So, give the cell a base expression of 
\family typewriter
1
\family default
 and a clocked expression of 
\family typewriter
@(0,0,0)+1
\family default
 (using 
\series bold
ESC-Enter
\series default
 or 
\series bold
Meta-Enter
\series default
) and you will see:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
@(0,0,0)=1 -> @(0,0,0)+1
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The sheet is currently in reset condition and the result is 1.
 Now clock it and you will see how the value increases.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After this introductory chapter, you should be familiar with the basic concepts
 in spread sheets.
 The next chapters explain all operations available in detail.
 You should read them to get an overview of the possibilities offered by
 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
.
 Finally, we will come back to using 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 by showing some common problems and their solutions.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Differences-Between-User"

\end_inset

Differences Between User Interfaces
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 comes in two flavours: A mouse-and-keyboard operated graphical application
 and a traditional console-based program.
 There has been a concerted effort to ensure this manual accurately documents
 both flavours, but there could still be occasional inconsistencies.
 Note that the executable name for the graphical version of 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 is typically 
\family typewriter
fteapot
\family default
, so to follow the tutorial above with the GUI version, start with that
 command instead of 
\family typewriter
teapot
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Most notably, at the moment the key bindings can be fairly different in
 the two flavours.
 If something doesn't work for 
\family typewriter
fteapot
\family default
 as described here, check the pull-down menus, where most operations can
 be found.
 In addition to the keys it shares with the console version, the GUI variant
 has extended mouse and keyboard bindings that work similarly to other GUI
 applications.
 The table in the following section attempts to summarize all bindings from
 both variants.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Command Mode
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Right after starting 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
, you are in the command mode.
 Many operations from the command mode are also available from menus, but
 using keys is faster and some things, like moving the cell cursor, are
 only available through keys.
 Tables 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand vref
reference "tab:Key-Bindings-in"

\end_inset

 through 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
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reference "tab:Key-Bindings-in-2"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

 list all available key bindings
\begin_inset Foot
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If you are using the graphical version of 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
, please see section 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
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reference "subsec:Differences-Between-User"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 If a binding is only available in the console variant, it is enclosed in
 square brackets; if the binding only works in the graphical variant, it
 is in curly braces (the mnemonic for this notation is that square brackets
 are 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

plain
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 and curly braces are 
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fancy
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Shift-PageUp}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Click on left of layer number}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
- (Dash/Minus)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Previous Layer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Begin/Home
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-A]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
To column 0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
End
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-E]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
To last column
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Ctrl-Home} {Ctrl-PageUp}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[<]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
To row 0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Ctrl-End} {Ctrl-PageDown}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[>]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
To last row
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Shift-Home}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[_ (Underscore)]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
To Layer 0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Shift-End}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[*]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
To last layer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-X >]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Jump one page right
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-X >]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Jump one page left
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PageDown {Ctrl-Down}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-V]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Jump one page down
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PageUp {Ctrl-Up}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Meta-V]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Jump one page up
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Ctrl-G}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Go to arbitrary location
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Key-Bindings-in"

\end_inset

Cursor Motion Key Bindings in Command Mode
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement !tbh
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="14" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="5cm">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Program Control
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Function Key
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
ASCII Key
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Operation
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
F10
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[/]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Main menu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
F3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-X Ctrl-S] {Ctrl-S}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Save sheet
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Ctrl-Shift-S}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Save sheet as...
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Esc z]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Save sheet and quit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
F2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-X Ctrl-R] {Ctrl-O}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Load sheet
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-F}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Activate File menu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-V}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Activate View menu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-O}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Activate fOrmat menu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-H}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Activate Help menu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Ctrl-L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Redraw screen
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-C] [Ctrl-G] {Esc}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Abort current action
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Cancel
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-X Ctrl-C] {Ctrl-Q}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Quit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Key-Bindings-in-1"

\end_inset

Program Control Key Bindings in Command Mode
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement !tbh
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="26" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="5cm">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Modify Cells/Blocks
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Function Key
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
ASCII Key
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Operation
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Enter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-J] [Ctrl-M]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Edit cell contents
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Backspace
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-H]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Edit cell and delete last character
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

, @, 
\emph on
digit
\emph default
, 
\emph on
letter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Overwrite cell contents
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-Enter}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Esc Ctrl-J] [Esc Ctrl-M]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Edit clocked cell contents
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Shift-Meta-Enter}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Esc s]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Edit style expression
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
.
 (Period)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Start/End Mark block (see text)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Shift-Right} {Shift-Left}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Shift-Down} {Shift-Up}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Start Mark and Move
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Ctrl-Insert}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Ctrl-C}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Copy cell/text/block; End Mark
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Shift-Delete}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Ctrl-X}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Designate block for moving; End Mark
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Shift-Insert}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-Y] {Ctrl-V}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paste/move block
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Delete}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Clear block
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-A}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Set cell label
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-B}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle cell/block bold
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-U}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle cell/block underlined
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-L}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Make cell/block left justified
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-C}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Make cell/block centered
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-R}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Make cell/block right justified
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-P}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Set cell/block precision
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-W}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Set column width
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-E}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle cell/block shadowed
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-T}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle cell/block transparent
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Meta-I}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle cell/block ignored
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Ctrl-R
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reset sheet
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
F9, {Shift-Tab}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-S]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Clock sheet
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Key-Bindings-in-2"

\end_inset

Key Bindings that Modify Cells in Command Mode
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One command-mode key in particular needs additional explanation.
 The .
 (Period) marks blocks: The first time it is pressed marks the beginning
 of a block, which is then extended by moving the cell cursor.
 The next time, it marks the end of the block which lets you move the cell
 cursor after without changing the block.
 The third time, it removes the block marks again.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Line Editor
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Many operations in 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 require editing a line of text, e.g.
 editing cell contents, typing file names and the like.
 Similar to the command mode, all things can be reached by control codes
 and most by function keys.
 Table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand vref
reference "tab:Key-Bindings-forLineEditor"

\end_inset

 lists all available key bindings, again with brackets for those keys that
 only work in the console variant and curly braces for the graphical variant.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="16" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Function Key
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
ASCII Key
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Operation
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Previous Character/Left Arrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-B]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Move cursor left
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Next Character/Right Arrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-F]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Move cursor right
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Begin/Home
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-A]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Move cursor to column 0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
End
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-E]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Move cursor to last column
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Enter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-J] [Ctrl-M]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Finish editing/accept line
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Ctrl-L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Redraw screen
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-T]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Transpose characters
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-
\backslash
]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Go to matching paren
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Cancel [Up Arrow] {Esc}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-G] [Ctrl-C]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Abort editing
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Backspace
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-H]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Delete previous character
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-K]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Delete rest of line
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Delete
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-?] [Ctrl-D]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Delete current character
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Tab]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
File name completion
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Insert
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle insert mode
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{Tab}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[Ctrl-O]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle motion in sheet (see text)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Key-Bindings-forLineEditor"

\end_inset

Key Bindings for the line editor
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Besides the regular line editor operations, you may use Ctrl-O (Tab in the
 GUI version) to temporarily leave the editor in order to move around in
 the sheet if you are editing cell contents.
 Another Ctrl-O (resp.
 Tab) brings you back to the line editor.
 While moving around in the sheet, you can insert the value (v) or position
 (p) at the cursor position in the edited cell.
 Clicking on a cell while editing has the same effect as moving to that
 cell and pressing (p).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Aborting line editing means that you will return immediately to command
 mode; whatever you started doing will have no effect.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Interactive Operations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Most actions are available through the menu.
 Most of these will be applied to all cells within a block if a block of
 cells is marked.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Cell-Attributes"

\end_inset

Cell Attributes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cells can have several attributes: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A cell label, which is useful because it avoids the need to directly address
 cells by their position, and because it continues to work if the cell is
 moved or if parts of the spreadsheet are inserted or deleted.
 A cell label must be different from any of the function names (see the
 list in 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Functions"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

style,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 which controls the visual appearance of the value of the cell on screen
 as well as in presentation output formats such as formatted text, \SpecialChar LaTeX
, html,
 etc.
 Styles are addressed more fully in the next subsection.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A flag indicating whether the cell is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

locked.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A flag indicating whether the cell is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

ignored.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In addition, each column has a width.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Label
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This operation lets you edit the cell label of the current cell.
 Further it changes all occurences of it in the cell contents to the new
 value, unless you erased the cell label.
 If a block has been marked at the time you edit the cell label, all occurences
 of the label in contents of cells in that block will be changed (rather
 than in the entire sheet).
 Once a cell is labeled, an occurrence of that label in any expression will
 evaluate to the (current) location of the cell.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Lock
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can lock cells to protect them from accidental editing.
 Note that this protects you from modifying single cells.
 If you modify a block of cells which contains locked cells, those will
 be modified as well.
 Therefore, use extra caution in applying block commands.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Ignore
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Ignored cells will be completely ignored.
 They appear as empty cells on screen and during calculations.
 This is useful for temporarily disabling parts of your calculation, as
 the former content reappears when the ignore flag is removed again.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Column Width
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The column width only affects the screen display, not the formatting of
 the final output (except in the case of formatted text files).
 It is intended to let you make better usage of the screen for more overview.
 If the width is too small to display the cell value, a placeholder will
 be displayed.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Styles
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
, a collection of all of the attributes that can affect the visual or formatted
 text of the value of a cell is called a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

style.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 The possble attributes in such a collection are enumerated in the following
 items.
 There are options in the menu systems of both teapot and fteapot to set
 each of these attributes for a cell.
 Some parts of the style can also be affected by command keys (see 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Key-Bindings-in-2"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
However, 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
's power to manipulate styles goes well beyond these menu items.
 Every cell in fact has a 
\emph on
third
\emph default
 associated expression, the style expression.
 This is accessed with Shift-Meta-Enter in 
\family typewriter
fteapot
\family default
 and Esc-s in 
\family typewriter
teapot
\family default
.
 Any valid expression which returns a style may be entered, and then the
 expression will be evaluated whenever the cell needs to be displayed, and
 the computed result used to control the display of the cell.
 So for example, you can easily make the background color of a cell depend
 on its value; try setting the style expression for a cell to be 
\family sans
background(13+int(@>0))
\family default
 and then making the contents of the cell either a positive or negative
 number.
 (Here 
\family sans
@
\family default
 is a convenient abbreviation for 
\family sans
@()
\family default
, the value of the current cell.) Note that you can combine different styles
 by adding them with the usual + operator; in case of conflict between attribute
s, the left style takes precedence.
 So 
\family sans
bold() + underline()
\family default
 produces a bold, underlined style, whereas 
\family sans
floatfmt(scientific) + floatfmt(decimal)
\family default
 will display non-integer numerical values in scientific format.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In fact, the menu functions to set items operate simply by adding terms
 to the style expression for the cell(s) being changed, to force the correspondi
ng attribute of the style to have the spcecified values.
 You can always see the current style expression for a cell by using the
 proper key to edit its style expression, and then escaping the editor if
 you don't want to change it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A detailed discussion of each style attribute follows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Justification (adjustment)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cell values may be aligned to the 
\family sans
left
\family default
, the 
\family sans
right
\family default
, or the 
\family sans
center
\family default
.
 If the justification property of the style is not set to one of these three
 values (using the 
\family sans
justify
\family default
() function), then number values will be right-aligned and all other values
 will be left-aligned.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Floating-point Format
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Floating-point (non-integer) numerical values in a cell may be displayed
 in one of four possible formats.
 Namely, they are 
\family sans
decimal
\family default
 (12.34), 
\family sans
scientific
\family default
 (1.234e1), 
\family sans
compact
\family default
 (a mix of these to produce the shorter notation depending on the magnitude
 of the value; this is the default), or 
\family sans
hexact
\family default
 (a specialized hexadecimal format used for exact round trips to text representa
tion and back, rarely used for display.) This property is set with the 
\family sans
floatfmt()
\family default
 function.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Precision
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This attribute, set with the 
\family sans
precision()
\family default
 function and defaulting to 3, is an integer determining the number of digits
 used in the display of floating point values.
 Exactly how it affects the display depends on the floating-point format.
 For 
\family sans
decimal
\family default
 and 
\family sans
scientific
\family default
, the precision specifies the maximum number of digits after the decimal
 point.
 For 
\family sans
compact
\family default
, it determines the maximum total number of digits, before and after the
 decimal point.
 Precision has no effect on the 
\family sans
hexact
\family default
 format.
 A negative precision value subtracts from the maximum number of digits
 that could be meaningful given the limited accuracy of the computer's internal
 representation of floating point numbers, with -1 representing the maximum
 meaningful precision.
 (Very large precision values may produce more digits, but the trailing
 digits become meaningless as the computer cannot record variation on this
 tiny scale.) Note that this attribute only changes what is displayed; 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 always uses the maximum precision internally for calculations.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Dim
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This attribute is a simple true-false flag set with 
\family sans
dim()
\family default
 that determines whether the cell value will be displayed with dim characters,
 if possible.
 It defaults to false.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Bold
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This attribute is a simple true-false flag set with 
\family sans
bold
\family default
() that determines whether the cell value will be displayed in a bold font,
 if possible.
 It defaults to false.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Italic
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This attribute is a simple true-false flag set with 
\family sans
italic()
\family default
 that determines whether the cell value will be displayed in an italic font,
 if possible.
 It defaults to false.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Underline
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This attribute is a simple true-false flag set with 
\family sans
underline
\family default
() that determines whether the cell value will be underlined when displayed.
 It defaults to false.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Shadowed
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This attribute is a s simple true-false flag set with shadowed(), defaulting
 to false.
 When true, it means that the left neighbour cell will additionally use
 the display room of this cell (and all following shadowed cells to the
 immediate right as well).
 Thus, the shadowed cell becomes invisible 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

underneath
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 the cell to the left, although it retains its contents and its value will
 be computed, simply not displayed unless/until the shadowing is removed.
 You may think of shadowing as a way to get multi-column cells, for formatting
 purposes or so that longer text may be displayed.
 This mechanism is provided in 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 in place of a general 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

merge cells
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 feature as in other spreadsheets.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Transparent
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Usually, values are quoted as needed so that you get the exact same output
 in whatever display format is being used as on screen.
 That can be overridden with this true-false flag set with 
\family sans
transparent
\family default
(), defaulting to false.
 Transparent cells will be exported as-is into display-oriented file formats
 (html, \SpecialChar LaTeX
, etc.) so that you can embed commands for subsequent processing
 in cell values.
 When it is false, those special characters are quoted so they appear as-is.
 Not quoting them allows special effects (if you know html, roff, or \SpecialChar LaTeX
),
 but of course will cause the cell contents to look odd in formats other
 than the one for which the special values were designed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Colors
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
foreground
\family default
() and 
\family sans
background
\family default
() colors used to display a cell may be set.
 (Currently this only affects screen display.) The value of these attributes
 is a positive integer which acts as an index into the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

palette
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of colors for the display device being used.
 Currently, each of 
\family typewriter
teapot
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter
fteapot
\family default
 set up a default palette appropriate for their respective capabilities.
 Hopefully, a future enhancement will allow one to display, edit, save,
 and restore the palette.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Block Functions
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Copy/Move
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To copy a block of cells, mark it, then move the cell cursor to where the
 upper left corner of the copy should be and issue the copy command.
 Moving works similarly, just use the move command.
 Of course you can mark three-dimensional blocks and copy them anywhere
 in the three-dimensional sheet, but doing so requires a good three-dimensional
 imagination to get what you want.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Fill
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To fill a block of cells, first mark the block it should be filled with.
 This may be just one cell! Then move the cell cursor to where the upper
 left corner of the block to be filled should be and issue the fill command.
 You will be prompted for how often the marked block should be repeated
 in each dimension.
 For example, you may to repeat a cell 9 times below.
 Mark it, then move down one row.
 Issue the fill command and answer 1 to the number of column repetitions,
 9 to rows and 1 to layers.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Fill With
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This works in the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

opposite direction
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 from Fill, but is handy for when you just want to replicate a single cell
 but don't know the exact count of repetitions you want.
 To use this operation, first mark the block you want to fill.
 Then make the current cell be the (single) cell you want to use to fill
 that block.
 Then execute Fill With.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Clear
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Clearing means to delete the cell contents and set all attributes to the
 default value.
 If you want to preserve the attributes, just edit the contents of a cell
 and delete them.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Insert
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Since work sheets can be three-dimensional, you can insert cells in all
 three dimensions, too.
 The inserted cells will be empty and their attributes have the default
 values.
 Cells will always be moved away from the front upper left corner to make
 room for the inserted cells.
 If no block is marked, you will be asked if you really only want to insert
 a cell of if you want to insert a whole row, line or sheet.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Delete
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Deleting works contrary to inserting.
 The deleted cells will be filled by moving neighbour cells to their positions.
 You will be prompted for the direction from where those cells will be taken.
 Deleting an entire column column-wise is done by marking the column, use
 the delete command and chose X direction.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Sort"

\end_inset

Sort
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Marked blocks of cells can be sorted after one or multiple keys, either
 column-wise, row-wise or depth-wise.
 Sorting a two dimensional block row-wise will sort lines, but if a three
 dimensional block is sorted row-wise, then horizontal layers will be sorted.
 The sort key is specified as vector which is orthogonal to the sorted elements,
 either in ascending or descending order.
 The following example illustrates the sort operation.
 The upper left part of the screen should look like this:
\begin_inset Separator latexpar
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
one
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
two
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
three
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
four
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The box shows you which block to mark.
 Now this block should be sorted row-wise, with the sort key being the numbers
 in descending order, i.e.
 we want the lines being numbered 4,3,2,1.
 Go to the block menu, then select sort.
 Use 
\family typewriter
R)ow
\family default
, because that is how we want to sort this block.
 The X position of the sort key vector is 0, because the column 0 contains
 the numbers.
 The Z position is 0, too, because those numbers are on sheet 0.
 Now chose 
\family typewriter
D)escending
\family default
 as direction.
 At this point, you could add a secondary key or decide to sort the block
 by the keys entered so far.
 Use 
\family typewriter
S)ort region
\family default
 to sort it.
 That's it, the screen should look like this now:
\begin_inset Separator latexpar
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
four
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
three
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
two
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
one
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Mirror
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Mirroring a marked block of cells can be done in three directions: Left/right,
 upside/down and front/back.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Saving and Loading
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
File names
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Usually, you want to overwrite the loaded file.
 For this reason, the loaded file name is remembered.
 If the sheet doesn't have a file name, like after starting an empty sheet,
 you will be asked for a name when saving.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Occasionally, you may want to rename a sheet, like before making critical
 changes or when you load an existing sheet to have a start for making a
 new one.
 The Save As operation allows you to save the file under a new name.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
File Formats
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
ASCII (.tpa)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The ASCII file format allows easy generation/modification of saved sheets
 by shell scripts.
 Note that when reading a .tpa file, either ordinary decimal or scientific
 formats for floating point number are recognized, as well as the exact
 hex floating point format used by default when saving.
 The default extension is 
\family typewriter
.
\family default
tpa.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Legacy XDR (.tp)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
XDR (eXternal Data Representation) is a standard invented by Sun Microsystems
 which defines a canonical way of storing/transporting data on external
 media.
 Its advantage is that it is widely available and that it defines a portable
 floating point number format.
 The native 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 file format formerly used XDR to be portable across different machine architect
ures and operating systems.
 The advantage of this over the portable ASCII format was that due to the
 (usually) missing conversion calculations to ensure that any floating point
 constants would be saved/loaded exactly without conversion errors, the
 value of a cell might change slightly when saved and restored in the ASCII
 format.
 The XDR format was discontinued when the ASCII format was made exact by
 virtue of the exact hexadecimal 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

%a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 style (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

hexact
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) of representing floating point values, and so there was no need for a
 specialized binary format.
 Old .tp files may be read, but 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 no longer writes files in this format.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
CSV (.csv)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
CSV (comma separated value) files only contain the data, not the expressions
 calculating it.
 Many spread sheets can generate this file format and many graphics programs
 like gnuplot(1) can read it.
 The field separator usually is a tab or comma, strings may be enclosed
 in double quotes and decimal numbers have a dot to mark the fractional
 part.
 One popular variation uses semicolons for separating fields and a decimal
 comma instead of a decimal point, which 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 tries to autodetect.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
On load, strings without quotes and with a 
\emph on
0x
\emph default
 prefix followed by hexadecimal digits will be converted to integers.
 When loading CSV files, the sheet will not be cleared and the data will
 be load relative to the current cursor position.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
SC SpreadsheetCalculator (.sc)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 can load simple SC sheets to convert them to 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
's native format.
 While loading, 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 converts all references to absolute cell positions to labels.
 This allows to insert and delete in such sheets without screwing the whole
 sheet up.
 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 can not save sheets in SC format, because SC lacks many features.
 For now, only the most basic SC features are supported.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Lotus 1-2-3 (.wk1)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 can load simple WK1 sheets to convert them to 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
's native format.
 By default, 1-2-3 cell references are relative, so don't be surprised by
 a big amount of relative references in the resulting 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 sheet.
 For now, only the most basic 1-2-3 features are supported.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Formatted ASCII (.txt)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The generated formatted ASCII files contain about what you see on the screen.
 If your sheet has more than one layer, then the various layers will be
 saved separated by form feeds.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Troff tbl (.tbl)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 can generate tbl(1) table bodies in single files which are supposed to
 be used like this:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
.TS
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\family default
\shape italic
options
\family typewriter
\shape default
;
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

.so
\family default
 
\shape italic
filename
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\family typewriter
\shape default
.TE
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You will have to use soelim(1) to eliminate the 
\family typewriter
.so
\family default
 requests before the tbl run.
 The 
\shape italic
options
\family typewriter
\shape default
;
\family default
 are optional.
 If you use GNU roff, you will need to eliminate 
\family typewriter
.lf
\family default
 requests, because this GNU roff extension confuses GNU tbl:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
soelim
\family default
 
\shape italic
file
\shape default
 
\family typewriter
| grep -v '^
\backslash
.lf'
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Alternatively, you can generate a stand-alone document, which needs no further
 operations to format and print.
 Note: If no block is marked, the whole sheet will be saved.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 (.latex)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you generate \SpecialChar LaTeX2e
 tables in single files, you include them in documents using
 the 
\family typewriter

\backslash
include
\family default
 command.
 Alternatively, you can generate a stand-alone document, which needs no
 further operations to format and print.
 Note: If no block is marked, the whole sheet will be saved.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Con\SpecialChar TeX
t (.tex)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Analogous to \SpecialChar LaTeX
 output, this generates input suitable to the Con\SpecialChar TeX
t macro package.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
HTML (.html)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can generate html table bodies in single files which could be used in
 combination with server-side includes.
 This feature differs between the various servers, so refer to the manual
 for your web server for details, please.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Alternatively, you can generate a stand-alone document.
 Note: If no block is marked, the whole sheet will be saved.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Other operations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Goto Location
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes, you directly want to go to a specific position, either to change
 its contents to see which cell a location expression refers to.
 This operation lets you enter an expression, which must evaluate to a value
 of the type location.
 If so, the cursor is positioned to that location.
 For example, you could enter 
\family typewriter
&(10,2)
\family default
 to go to cell 10,2 of the current layer or you could enter the name of
 a label you want to go to.
 Relative movements are no problem, either.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Shell
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Start a sub shell.
 Exiting from that sub shell will bring you back into 
\family typewriter
teapot
\family default
.
 This operation does not exist in the GUI version.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Version
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 will display its version number and copyright statement.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Help
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 was built with the integrated help viewer, you can access this manual from
 within 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 itself.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Batch operations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Besides interactive facilities, 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 has a batch mode.
 Using this batch mode, shell scripts can generate output from 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 sheets.
 This is handy if you use make(1) to generate a bigger document containing
 tables, because you don't have to generate a tbl or \SpecialChar LaTeX
 file each time you
 modify a sheet: make will do so.
 In batch mode, 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 reads batch commands from standard input.
 The following commands are available: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
goto
\family default
\shape italic

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

location
\series default
\shape default
 Go to the specified 
\shape italic
location
\shape default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
from
\family default
\shape italic

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

location
\series default
\shape default
 Start marking a block.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
to
\family default
\shape italic

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

location
\series default
\shape default
 End marking a block.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
sort-x
\family default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

d|a
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

y
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

z
\emph default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

[
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

d|a
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

y
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

z
\emph default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

...
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
sort-
\family default
y
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

d|a
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

z
\emph default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

[
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

d|a
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

z
\emph default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

...
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

]
\series default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
sort-
\family default
z
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

d|a
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
y
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

[
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

d|a
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
y
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

...
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

]
\series default
 Sorts the marked block as described in section 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand vref
reference "subsec:Sort"

\end_inset

, column-wise, row-wise or depth-wise, respectivly.
 "d" or "a" specify the sort order to be descending or ascending.
 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
z
\emph default
 specify the position of the sort key 
\family typewriter
relative
\family default
 to the first cell of the marked block.
 Up to eight sort keys can be specified.
 This example reproduces the result from section 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Sort"

\end_inset

: 
\begin_inset Separator latexpar
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
echo "
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

from &(1,1,0)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

to &(2,4,0)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

sort-y d 0 0
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

save-csv result_num.txt
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

" | teapot -b doc/unsorted 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
save-tbl
\family default
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

file
\series default
\emph default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
save-csv
\family default
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

file
\series default
\emph default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
save-latex
\family default
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

file
\series default
\emph default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
save-context
\family default
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

file
\series default
\emph default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
save-html
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family default
\emph on
file
\series default
\emph default
  Save the marked block in the specified format as 
\emph on
file
\emph default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
load-csv
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family default
\emph on
file
\series default
\emph default
 Load 
\emph on
file
\emph default
 in the specified format to the last 
\family typewriter
goto
\family default
 location.
 This has the same functionality as the interactive load described in subsection
 
\emph on
5.12.4
\emph default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Expressions
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cells consist of a base (reset) expression, a clocked expression, a style
 expression, and a current value.
 If the sheet is currently in the reset state (the default), all cells display
 their base value as current value.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When the sheet is clocked (see Table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Key-Bindings-in"

\end_inset

), the clocked expression is evaluated, using the current value of referenced
 cells.
 The new current value is the result of that evaluation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Data Types
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
, each value has an associated data type.
 The following data types exist: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Empty Empty cells behave as if they have 0, 0.0 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as value, depending on context.
 However, the specific unique 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

empty
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 value can be tested for explicitly, distinct from any of these, for example
 with 
\family sans
is(
\emph on
loc
\emph default
, empty)
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
String A string is a sequence of characters enclosed by double quotes: 
\family typewriter
"This is a string"
\family default
.
 A double quote can be part of the string, if it is quoted using a backslash:
 
\family typewriter

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\backslash

\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 If you want the backslash to appear in the output instead of quoting the
 next character, use it to quote itself: 
\family typewriter

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\backslash

\backslash

\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Floating
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Point Floating point values are inexact, their precision and range depends
 on the implementation of the C type long double on your system.
 An example is: 
\family typewriter
42.0
\family default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Integer Integer values are exact, their range depends on the C type long
 long on your system.
 An example is: 
\family typewriter
42
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Boolean 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

true
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

false,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 used for logical conditions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Label Cell labels are of this type, but they generally evaluate to locations
 (or cause an error if there is no cell with that label), so you don't generally
 manipulate values of this type.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Keyword The names of functions and of special arguments to functions, like
 the 
\family sans
decimal
\family default
 flag to the 
\family sans
float()
\family default
 function.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Location The values of cell labels and the result of the 
\family sans
&()
\family default
 function have this type, but there are no location constant literals.
 However, 
\family sans
&(3,2,1)
\family typewriter
,
\family default
 for example, acts very much like a location constant literal.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Error Syntactical or semantical (type mismatch) errors cause this value,
 as well as division by 0 and the function 
\family sans
error()
\family default
.
 An error always has an assigned error message.
 Functions and operators, when applied to a value of the type error, evaluate
 to just that value.
 That way, the first error encountered, possibly deep inside a complicated
 expression, will be shown.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Expression a 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 formula; some functions (like 
\family sans
find()
\family default
) take an expression as an argument so that it can be evaluated from the
 point of view of other cells.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Style the encapsulated visual/display attributes of a cell.
 Not many operators/functions apply to Style values, but there is one function
 for each attribute of a Style (that produces Style values with that attribute
 set), and they may be combined with the + operator.
 Style expressions are the key to allowing the appearance of a cell to depend
 on its value.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Operators
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Unlike other spreadsheets, the operators in 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 check the type of the values they are applied to, which means trying to
 add a string to a floating point number will result in an type error.
 Operators on locations in the spreadsheet, which are just triples of integers,
 generally operate following typical rules for vectors, with particular
 notes below.
 The following operators are available, listed in ascending precedence:
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
x
\series medium
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family typewriter
\series default
\emph default
and
\family default
\series medium
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
y evaluates to the logical conjunction of values 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
 Note that this evaluation short-circuits: if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is false, then 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 is never evaluated, and so does not affect the value even if it is an error,
 for example.
 In determining the value, the boolean conversions of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 are used (see the description of the bool() function below), but the actual
 value returned is either that of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 or 
\emph on
y
\emph default
, namely, 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 if it corresponds to a boolean false value or 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 otherwise.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
x
\series medium
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family typewriter
\series default
\emph default
or
\family default
\series medium
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
y evaluates to the logical disjunction of boolean values 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
 As with 
\family typewriter
\series bold
and
\family default
\series default
, this evaluation short-circuits if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is true.
 Also in similar fashion, the value is 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 if it corresponds to a boolean true value and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 otherwise.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
<
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
 evaluates to Boolean true if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is less than 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
 If 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 or 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 are empty, they are considered to be 0 if the other is an integer number,
 0.0 if it is a floating point number and the empty string if it is a string.
 On locations, 
\emph on
x<y
\emph default
 if every component of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is less than or equal to the corresponding component of
\emph on
 y
\emph default
 and at least one is strictly less.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
<=
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
  evaluates to true if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is less than or equal to 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
 For locations, this must hold for every component.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
>=
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
  evaluates to true if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is greater than or equal to 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
 For locations, this must hold for every component.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
>
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
  evaluates to true if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is greater than 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
 As with <, for locations, every component must be greater than or equal,
 and at least one must be strictly greater.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
==
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
  evaluates to true if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is equal to 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
~=
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
  evaluates to true if the floating point value 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is almost equal to the floating point value 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
 Almost equal means that the numbers are equal or neighbor each other in
 the floating point representation being used.
 It is an error to use this comparison with any type but float.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
!=
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
  evaluates to 1 if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is not equal to 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Note: a string of consecutive relational operators is interpreted as the
 conjunction of each consecutive (overlapping) pair.
 Thus 
\family sans
2 <= y() <= 10
\family default
 will evaluate to true precisely in rows 2 through 10, inclusive (it is
 shorthand for 
\family sans
2 <= y() and y() <= 10
\family default
).
 Similarly 
\family sans
@(cell1) == @(cell2) == @(cell3)
\family default
 will return true exactly when all three cells have the same value.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
+
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
 evaluates to the sum if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 are numbers.
 If 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 are strings, the result is the concatenated string.
 If they are locations, this operates componentwise.
 If they are styles, it means to take any unset components of the left-hand
 style and fill them in with values from the right-hand style (ignoring
 the right-hand components that are already set in the left-hand style).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
-
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
 evaluates to the difference if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 are numbers.
 If they are locations, this operates componentwise.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
*
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
 evaluates to the product if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 are numbers.
 You can multiply a location by an integer, or take the dot product of the
 coordinates of two locations (although the use case for that is unclear).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
/
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
 evaluates to the quotient if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 are numbers.
 You can divide a location by an integer.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x
\family typewriter
\emph default
%
\family default
\emph on
y
\series default
\emph default
 evaluates to the remainder of the division if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 are numbers.
 You can mod a location by an integer, or operate on two locations, in which
 case the mod operation applies componentwise.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
-
\family default
\emph on
x
\series default
\emph default
 evaluates to 
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\emph on
x
\emph default
 if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is a number or location, or the negation of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is Boolean.
 If 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is empty, the result will be empty, too.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
x^y
\series default
\emph default
 evaluates to 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 to the power of 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family typewriter
\series bold
(
\family default
\emph on
expression
\family typewriter
\emph default
)
\family default
\series default
  evaluates to the expression.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series bold
\emph on
function
\family typewriter
\emph default
(
\family default
\emph on
argument
\family typewriter
\emph default
,
\family default
...
\family typewriter
)
\family default
\series default
 evaluates to the value of the function applied to the values resulting
 from evaluating the argument expressions.
 Note that if no arguments are being supplied, the parentheses are optional.
 Hence, for example, you can use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

e
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 by itself, like a reserved constant whose value is the usual mathematical
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

e,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 the base of natural logarithms.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Functions"

\end_inset

Functions
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This section documents all available functions in alphabetical order (except
 for the short addressing/value fetching functions, which are listed together
 at the beginning).
 The functions are described in a C-like notation; you don't have to write
 the types when you use the function in a formula.
 For example, use 
\family sans
@(0,0,0)
\family default
, not 
\family sans
@(int 0, int 0, int 0)
\family default
.
 If no type is given for the result of a function, it means the result type
 depends on the arguments.
 Brackets mark optional arguments.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
@
\series medium
([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
,][int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph on
x
\emph default
][,[int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

y
\emph default
][,[int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

z
\emph default
]]]) 
\series default
returns the value of the cell at the specified location.
 If any of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 or 
\emph on
z
\emph default
 is specified, that value overrides the corresponding coordinate of the
 given location, which defaults to the location of the current cell if it
 is omitted.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
location
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
&
\series medium
([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
,][int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
][,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

[int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

y
\emph default
][,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

[int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

z
\emph default
]]]) 
\series default
the arguments are interpreted in exactly the same way as for 
\series bold
@
\series default
(), but this fuction returns the location, not the value of the cell at
 that location.
 So note for example that a bare 
\series bold
&
\series default
 with no arguments (with or without parentheses) evaluates to the location
 of the current cell.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
D(
\series medium
[location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
,][int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph on
x
\emph default
][,[int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

y
\emph default
][,[int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

z
\emph default
]]]
\series default
) Like 
\series bold
&
\series default
(), except that any of 
\emph on
x, y,
\emph default
 or 
\emph on
z
\emph default
 specified are added to the given location, which defaults to the current
 location; and as a special case, if only the location is given, i.e.
 
\family sans
\series bold
D
\family default
\series default
(
\emph on
l
\emph default
), then the location 
\emph on
l
\emph default
 is added to the current location.
 Think 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

D
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

displaced (by).
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 Thus, both 
\family sans
\series bold
D
\series default
(-1)
\family default
 and 
\family sans
\series bold
D
\series default
(left)
\family default
 return the location of the cell immediately to the left of this one, and
\family sans
\series bold
 D
\series default
(,2,1)
\family default
 returns the location of the cell two below this one on the following layer,
 as does 
\family sans
\series bold
D
\family default
\series default
(&(0,2,1)), but 
\family sans
\series bold
D
\family default
\series default
(TABLE,1) returns the location of the cell just to the right of the one
 labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

TABLE
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
R(
\series medium
\emph on
args
\series default
\emph default
) Shorthand for 
\series bold
@
\series default
(
\family sans
\series bold
D
\family default
\series default
(args)).
 Think 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

R
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

relative.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 Thus 
\family sans
\series bold
R
\series default
(-1)
\family default
 returns the value of the cell immediately to the left of this one, and
\family sans
\series bold
 R
\series default
(,,1)
\family default
 returns the same cell as this one but on the following layer, as do
\family sans
\series bold
 R
\series default
(&(0,0,1)
\family default
) and 
\family sans
\series bold
R
\series default
(below
\family default
), but 
\family sans
\series bold
R
\family default
\series default
(TABLE,,1) returns the value of the cell immediately down from the one labeled
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

TABLE
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
X(
\series medium
label
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

to,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
label
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

from,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
[
\emph on
fix_x
\emph default
]
\emph on
,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
[
\emph on
fix_y
\emph default
]
\emph on
,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
[
\emph on
fix_z
\emph default
]
\series default
) 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Excel reference
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

: returns the value of the cell at a computed target location.
 This target location is the one reached from the current cell via the same
 offset as the cell with label 
\emph on
to
\emph default
 has from label 
\emph on
from.

\emph default
 The idea is that if you label the source of data you want to reference,
 say with 
\family sans
SRC
\family default
, and the location of some place you want to start referring to it with
 
\family sans
REF
\family default
, then you can use 
\family sans
\series bold
X
\series default
(SRC,REF)
\family default
 to refer to the source data, and fill this formula to neighboring cells
 to refer to the neighbors of the source, and it will all continue to work
 if either the source or the reference is moved around in the sheet.
 
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

If the 
\emph on
fix_DIM
\emph default
 argument is the 
\family sans
fix
\family default
 keyword (as opposed to an empty value), then the corresponding coordinate
 of the target cell is set to match that of 
\emph on
to
\emph default
.
 This corresponds to fixing the row or column (or layer) of the reference,
 as with a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 character in Excel.
 Thus 
\family sans
\series bold
X
\series default
(SRC,REF,1,1,1)
\family default
 is identical to 
\family sans
@(SRC)
\family default
, but you should certainly prefer the latter for clarity of expression.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

There is a corresponding location function 
\family sans
\series bold
X&
\series default
()
\family default
 as well, which takes exactly the same arguments with the same meanings,
 but it is rarely needed.
 It is provided for completeness.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

See the FAQ below for further discussion of cell references.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
string
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
$
\series medium
(string
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

env
\emph default
) 
\series default
evaluates to the contents of the specified environment variable.
 If the variable does not exist, then an empty string will be returned.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
above|below|left|right|up|down
\series medium
[([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
])] As bare words (without any arguments and also without the parentheses)
 these symbols return a one-cell displacement in the named direction, e.g.
 
\family sans
\series bold
D
\series default
(above) 
\family default
\series medium
gives the location of the same cell as the current on but in the previous
 layer and 
\family sans
\series bold
R
\series default
(up)
\family default
\series medium
 yields the value of the cell one up from the current cell.
 With parentheses, they act like 
\series bold
@
\series default
()
\series medium
 but displaced by one cell in the named direction, so 
\family sans
\series default
right()
\family default
\series medium
 returns the value of the cell immediately to the right of the current one,
 and 
\family sans
\series default
down(MYTABLE)
\family default
\series medium
 gives the value one line down from the cell labeled 
\family sans
\series default
MYTABLE
\family default
\series medium
, etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
abs
\series medium
(float
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
)
\series default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
abs
\series medium
(int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph on
x
\emph default
) 
\series default
evaluates to the absolute value of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
acos
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
evaluates to the arc cosine of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
arcosh
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
 evaluates to the arc hyperbolic cosine of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
arsinh
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
 evaluates to the arc hyperbolic sine of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
artanh
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
 evaluates to the arc hyperbolic tangent of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
asin
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
 evaluates to the arc sine of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
atan
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
 evaluates to the arc tangent of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
background
\series medium
(int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
c)
\series default
 evaluates to a style token with the background color set to 
\emph on
c
\emph default
 (and no other fields set).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
below
\series medium
[([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
])] displacement by one cell in the positive 
\series default
\emph on
z
\emph default
 direction; see the fuller description at 
\family sans
\series bold
above
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
bitand
\series medium
(int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

v1,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

...
\emph default
) evaluates to the bitwise 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of all the supplied values.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
bitor
\series medium
(int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

v
\emph default
1,
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
...) evaluates to the bitwise 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

or
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of all the supplied values.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
bold
\series medium
([bool
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

b
\emph default
])
\series default
 evaluates to a style token with the bold property set to 
\emph on
b
\emph default
, which defaults to true (and no other fields set).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
bool
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
bool
\series medium
[([
\emph on
x
\emph default
])]
\series default
 Converts 
\emph on
x 
\emph default
to a boolean value.
 This is very permissive; error values are unaffected; empty, integer 0,
 float 0.0, and boolean false values are false, and everything else is true.
 If 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is omitted, defaults to the value of the current cell.
 If the parentheses are omitted as well, acts as a keyword, for example
 for testing types with 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\series default
().
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
ceil
\series medium
(float
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) evaluates to the smallest integral floating-point value greater than or
 equal to 
\family sans
\series default
\emph on
x
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
center keyword used as an argument to 
\family sans
\series bold
justify
\family default
\series default
().
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
clock
\series medium
(integer
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

condition
\emph default
,[location[,location])
\series default
 conditionally clocks the specified cell if the condition is not 0.
 If two locations are given, all cells in that range will be clocked.
 The return value of clock is empty.
 Note that the clocked expression of a cell can clock itself; indeed, that's
 the only way that a cell can be clocked more than once in a single recalculatio
n.
 Take care with the 
\emph on
condition
\emph default
 expression to avoid recalculation becoming stuck in an infinite loop, however.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
compact used as a keyword to the 
\family sans
\series bold
string
\family default
\series default
() function; listed here to record that this identifier may not be used
 as a cell label.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
cos
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
evaluates to the cosine of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
cosh
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
 evaluates to the hyperbolic cosine of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
decimal used as a keyword to the string() function; listed here to record
 that this identifier may not be used as a cell label.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
deg2rad
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
)
\series default
 evaluates to the degrees that are equivalent to 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 radians.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
dim
\series medium
([bool
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

b
\emph default
])
\series default
 evaluates to a style token with the dim property set to 
\emph on
b
\emph default
, which defaults to true (and no other fields set).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
down
\series medium
[([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
])] displacement by one cell in the positive 
\series default
\emph on
y
\emph default
 direction; see the fuller description at 
\family sans
\series bold
above
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
e
\series medium
[()] 
\series default
evaluates to the Euler constant 
\emph on
e
\emph default
.
 Note the parentheses are optional.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
empty
\series medium
[(
\shape italic
args
\shape default
)]
\series default
 ignores all of its arguments and returns the empty value.
 Without parentheses, acts as a keyword, typically for 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\series default
().
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
error
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
error
\series medium
[([
\emph on
message
\emph default
])]
\series default
 converts its argument to a string just as with the string() function, and
 then returns an error with that string as the message.
 Without parentheses, acts as a keyword, e.g.
 for 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\series default
()
\family default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
eval
\series medium
(location)
\series default
 evaluates to the value of the expression in the cell at the given 
\emph on
location
\emph default
, but evaluated in the context of the cell using eval().
 This function may not be used nested any deeper than 32 times.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
boolean
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
false represents the false Boolean value.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
fident a keyword indicating the token type of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

function identifier,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 provided for the sake of completeness.
 There is probably little practical call for this type.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
find
\series medium
(
\emph on
expr
\emph default
,
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

stride
\emph default
[,location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

start
\emph default
]) examines cells in turn, returning the location of the first one at which
 
\series default
\emph on
expr
\emph default
 evaluates to true, or boolean false if the boundary of the sheet is encountered.
 The second argument 
\emph on
stride
\emph default
 must not have all zero components, and is added to the location being examined
 at each iteration.
 Often it is useful to use a direction constant like 
\family sans
\series bold
up
\family default
\series default
 for the stride.
 The search begins at location 
\emph on
start
\emph default
, which defaults to the current location plus the 
\emph on
stride
\emph default
 if it is not specified.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
fix used as a keyword to the 
\family sans
X()
\family default
 and 
\family sans
X&()
\family default
 functions; listed here to record that this identifier may not be used as
 a cell label.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
float
\series medium
[([float|string|int|empty
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

s
\emph default
])]
\series default
 converts into a floating point number the given float, string, int, or
 empty value (the latter converts to 0.0).
 If the argument is omitted, the value of the current cell is used.
 If the parentheses are omitted, acts as a keyword, e.g., for type testing
 with 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\series default
()
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
floatfmt
\series medium
(decimal|scientific|compact|hexact)
\series default
 evaluates to a style token with the floating-point format set to the specified
 format, given as a bare word (and no other fields set).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
floor
\series medium
(float
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) evaluates to the largest integral floating-point value less than or equal
 to 
\series default
\emph on
x
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
foreground
\series medium
(int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
c)
\series default
 evaluates to a style token with the foreground color set to 
\emph on
c
\emph default
 (and no other fields set).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
frac
\series medium
(float
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
)
\series default
 evaluates to the fractional part of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
funcall a keyword indicating the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

funcall
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 token type used to encode expressions as tokens; may be used with 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\series default
()
\family default
 for example.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
hexact used as a keyword to the string() function; listed here to record
 that this identifier may not be used as a cell label.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
int
\series medium
[([int|float|string|empty
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
][,
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

direction
\emph default
])] 
\series default
converts to an
\emph on
 
\emph default
integer the given integer, float, string, or empty value 
\emph on
x.
 
\emph default
(The latter converts to 0.) The optional second argument must be the name
 of one of the functions that produces a floating point integral value from
 a float, i.e., 
\family sans
\series bold
ceil
\family default
\series default
, 
\family sans
\series bold
floor
\family default
\series default
, 
\family sans
\series bold
round
\family default
\series default
, or 
\family sans
\series bold
trunc
\family default
\series default
, and it directs how to convert floating point values to an integer.
 (The default is 
\family sans
\series bold
trunc
\family default
\series default
, see the documentation of the corresponding functions for a description
 of the conversion behavior.) If 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is omitted, the value of the current cell is used.
 If in addition the parentheses are omitted, acts as a keyword, e.g., for
 value testing with 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\series default
()
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
is
\series medium
[([
\emph on
x
\emph default
][,
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

type1,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

type2
\emph default
,...])]
\series default
 Boolean-valued type testing.
 Returns true if the given value 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is any of the listed types.
 Each type may be any of the keywords 
\family sans
\series bold
bool, empty, error, fident, float, funcall, int
\family default
\series default
, 
\family sans
\series bold
lident, location, number, operator,
\family default
\series default
 
\family sans
\series bold
string
\family default
\series default
, or 
\family sans
\series bold
style
\family default
\series default
.
 Each of these identifies a single type, except 
\family sans
\series bold
number
\family default
\series default
, which is a shorthand for 
\family sans
\series bold
empty
\family default
\series default
,
\family sans
\series bold
 float
\family default
\series default
,
\family sans
\series bold
 int
\family default
\series default
.
 If no types are specified, returns true for any non-empty value.
 (In other words, 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\series default
(
\emph on
x
\emph default
)
\family default
 is a boolean-valued version of 
\family sans
\series bold
n
\series default
(
\emph on
x
\emph default
)
\family default
, without the special behavior when 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is a location.) If 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is omitted, defaults to the value of the current cell; the parentheses
 may be omitted as well, so bare 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\family default
\series default
 tests whether the current cell is non-empty.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
italic
\series medium
([bool
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

b
\emph default
])
\series default
 evaluates to a style token with the italic property set to 
\emph on
b
\emph default
, which defaults to true (and no other fields set).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
justify
\series medium
(left|right|center)
\series default
 evaluates to a style token with the justification set to the specified
 direction, given as a bare word.
 No other fields are set in the result.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
left
\series medium
[([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
])] displacement by one cell in the negative 
\series default
\emph on
x
\emph default
 direction; see the fuller description at 
\family sans
\series bold
above
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
string
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
len
\series medium
(string
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

s
\emph default
) 
\series default
 evaluates to the length of 
\emph on
s
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
lident a keyword indicating the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

label identifier
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 token type.
 This type is not generally accessible, as labels always evaluate to their
 locations (or error if there is no such label).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
log
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
[,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

y
\emph default
])
\series default
 evaluates to the logarithm of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
.
 If 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 is not specified, the result will be the natural logarithm, otherwise it
 will be the logarithm to the base of 
\emph on
y
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
location currently this is only a keyword, e.g., for use with 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\series default
()
\family default
.
 Use 
\family sans
\series bold
&
\series default
()
\family default
 to convert three integers to a location.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
location
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
max
\series medium
(location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l1
\emph default
,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l2
\emph default
)
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
|
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
max
\series medium
(
\emph on
v1
\emph default
,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph on
v2
\emph default
,
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
...)
\series default
 evaluates to the maximum in the same way min does for the minimum.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
location
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
min
\series medium
(location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l1
\emph default
,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l2
\emph default
)
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
|
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
min
\series medium
(
\emph on
v1
\emph default
,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph on
v2
\emph default
,
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
...)
\series default
 The first form evaluates to the location of the minimum of all values in
 the block marked by the corners pointed to by 
\emph on
l1
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
l2
\emph default
.
 Note that the empty cell is equal to 0, 0.0 and "", so if the first minimum
 is an empty cell, the result will be a pointer to this cell, too.
 If you are not interested in the location of the minimum but the value
 itself, use @(min(
\emph on
l1
\emph default
, 
\emph on
l2
\emph default
)).
 The second form simply returns the smallest of the specified values, returning
 an error if it encounters two that are not comparable (like a string and
 an integer).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
n
\series medium
([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l1
\emph default
[,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l2
\emph default
])
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
|
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
n
\series medium
(
\family roman
\emph on
v1,
\family default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

v2,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

...
\emph default
)
\series default
 The first form evaluates to the number of non-empty cells in the block
 with corners at location
\emph on
s l1
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
l2
\emph default
.
 Location 
\emph on
l2
\emph default
 defaults to 
\emph on
l1
\emph default
; i.e., with a single location argument 
\family sans
\series bold
n
\family default
\series medium
(
\family sans
\series default
\emph on
l1
\family default
\series medium
\emph default
)
\series default
 just tests whether the cell at 
\emph on
l1
\emph default
 is empty.
 Location 
\emph on
l1
\emph default
 defaults to the current location.
 The second form simply returns the number of its arguments which are nonempty.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
number
\series medium
[([bool|empty|int|float|string
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
])]
\series default
 Converts its argument, which defaults to the value of the current cell,
 to the most appropriate number type.
 Thus, it leaves ints and floats alone, converts boolean values to integers
 1 or 0, converts empty to integer 0, and converts numeric strings to ints
 if they don't have a decimal point and floats if they do.
 Without parentheses, acts as a keyword for 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\series default
()
\family default
, abbreviating the combination of float, int, and empty.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
operator A keyword indicating the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

operator
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 token type, representing symbols like parentheses, plus signs, commas,
 etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
poly
\series medium
(float|integer
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

float|integer
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

cn
\emph default
[,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

...])
\series default
 evaluates the polynomial 
\emph on

\begin_inset Formula $c_{n}\cdot x^{n}+\ldots+c_{0}\cdot x^{0}$
\end_inset


\emph default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
precision
\series medium
(int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
)
\series default
 evaluates to a style token in which the precision is set to 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 (and no other fields are set).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
rad2deg
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
evaluates to the radians that are equivalent to 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 degrees.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
right
\series medium
[([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
])] displacement by one cell in the positive 
\series default
\emph on
x
\emph default
 direction; see the fuller description at 
\family sans
\series bold
above
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
rnd
\series medium
()
\series default
 evaluates to a pseudo-random number between 0.0 and 1.0, changing each time
 the expression is evaluated.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
round
\series medium
(float
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) evaluates to the argument 
\series default
\emph on
x
\emph default
 rounded to an integral value.
 Unless the system floating-point rounding direction has been changed, this
 will be the integral value nearest to 
\emph on
x
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
scientific Used as a keyword argument to the string() function; listed here
 to record that this identifier may not be used as a cell label.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
shadowed
\series medium
([bool
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

b
\emph default
])
\series default
 evaluates to a style token with the shadowed property set to 
\emph on
b
\emph default
, which defaults to true (and no other fields set).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
sin
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
 evaluates to the sine of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
sinh
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
 evaluates to the hyperbolic sine of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
sqrt
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
)
\series default
 evaluates to the square root of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
string
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
strftime
\series medium
(string
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

f
\emph default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

[,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

integer
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

t
\emph default
]) 
\series default
evaluates to the time 
\emph on
t
\emph default
 formatted according to the format specified in 
\emph on
f
\emph default
.
 Times in 
\emph on
t
\emph default
 are counted in seconds since epoch (1970-1-1 0:00).
 If 
\emph on
t
\emph default
 is empty or 0, the actual time is used.
 For the format specifications consult the man page of your c library, strftime
 (3).
 Example: 
\emph on
@(now)=int(strftime("%s"))
\emph default
 sets the field with label now to the actual time.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
string
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
string
\series medium
(
\emph on
x
\emph default
[,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

[integer
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

precision
\emph default
][,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph on
format
\emph default
]])
\series default
 evaluates to the string representation of its first argument.
 The optional second argument gives the precision used for converting floating
 point numbers to string form.
 The optional third argument may be one of the keywords 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

decimal
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

scientific
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

compact
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

hexact
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, controlling the format for converting floating point numbers to string
 form.
 If the optional arguments are not specified, current defaults are used.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
strptime
\series medium
(string
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

f
\emph default
,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

string
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

datetime
\emph default
)
\series default
 evaluates to the seconds since epoch (1970-1-1 0:00) of the 
\emph on
datetime
\emph default
 string, parsed according to the format specified in 
\emph on
f
\emph default
.
 For the format specifications consult the man page of your c library, strptime
 (3).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
style
\series medium
[([
\emph on
x
\emph default
])]
\series default
 attempts to convert 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 to a style; this currently only succeeds if 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 already is a style; or if it is a location, it extracts the current style
 of that location.
 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 defaults to the current location.
 Without parentheses as a bare word, 
\family sans
\series bold
style
\family default
\series default
 is a keyword used for example by 
\family sans
\series bold
is
\family default
\series default
() to test the type of an entity.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
string
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
substr
\series medium
(string
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

s,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
integer
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
[,integer
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

y
\emph default
]) 
\series default
evaluates to the substring of 
\emph on
s
\emph default
 between 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
y
\emph default
, which start at 0.
 If is omitted, the substring proceeds to the end of the string.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
sum
\series medium
(location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l1
\emph default
,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l2
\emph default
)
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph default
|
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
sum
\series medium
(
\family roman
\emph on
v1,
\family default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family roman
v2,
\family default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family roman
...
\emph default
)
\family default
 
\series default
The first form evaluates to the sum of all values in the block with corners
 at locations 
\emph on
l1
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
l2
\emph default
.
 The second form simply adds all of its arguments.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
tan
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
evaluates to the tangent of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
tanh
\series medium
(float|int
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) 
\series default
 evaluates to the hyperbolic tangent of 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, where 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 is given in radians.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
tau
\series medium
[()] 
\series default
evaluates to the circle constant 
\begin_inset Formula $\tau$
\end_inset

, the ratio of circumference to radius of any circle.
 (Note 
\begin_inset Formula $\tau=2\pi$
\end_inset

.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
time
\series medium
[()]
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
 each time this expression is evaluated, it gives the time in seconds since
 the epoch.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
transparent
\series medium
([bool
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

b
\emph default
])
\series default
 evaluates to a style token with the transparent property set to 
\emph on
b
\emph default
, which defaults to true (and no other fields set).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
boolean
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
true represents the true Boolean value.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
trunc
\series medium
(float
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

x
\emph default
) evaluates to the integer part of 
\series default
\emph on
x
\emph default
 in floating-point form; generally this should be the same as 
\emph on
x - 
\emph default
frac(
\emph on
x
\emph default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
style
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
\emph default
underline
\series medium
([bool
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

b
\emph default
])
\series default
 evaluates to a style token with the underline property set to 
\emph on
b
\emph default
, which defaults to true (and no other fields set).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
up
\series medium
[([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
])] displacement by one cell in the negative 
\series default
\emph on
y 
\emph default
direction; see the fuller description at 
\family sans
\series bold
above
\series default
.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
x
\series medium
([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
])
\series default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
y
\series medium
([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
])
\series default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\series medium
int
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\series default
z
\series medium
([location
\emph on

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

l
\emph default
]) 
\series default
 evaluate to the 
\emph on
x
\emph default
, 
\emph on
y
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
z
\emph default
 position of the given location, of the currently updated cell if none is
 given.
 These functions are usually used in combination with the @ function for
 obtaining information from other cells, but see also the convenience functions
 
\family sans
\series bold
R
\series default
()
\family default
 and 
\family sans
\series bold
D
\series default
()
\family default
 for relative references.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Expression Grammar
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
digit::= 
\family typewriter
0
\family default
 | ..
 | 
\family typewriter
9
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
hex_digit::= 
\family typewriter
0
\family default
 | ..
 | 
\family typewriter
9
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
a
\family default
 | ..
 | 
\family typewriter
f
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
octal_digit::= 
\family typewriter
0
\family default
 | ..
 | 
\family typewriter
7
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
decimal_integer::= 
\emph on
digit
\emph default
 { 
\emph on
digit
\emph default
 }
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
hex_integer::= 
\family typewriter
0x
\family default
 
\emph on
hex_digit
\emph default
 { 
\emph on
hexdigit
\emph default
 }
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
octal_integer::= 
\family typewriter
0
\family default
 
\emph on
octal_digit
\emph default
 { 
\emph on
octdigit
\emph default
 }
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
integer::= 
\emph on
decimal_integer
\emph default
 | 
\emph on
hex_integer
\emph default
 | 
\emph on
octal_integer
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
float::= 
\emph on
digit
\emph default
 { 
\emph on
digit
\emph default
 } [ 
\family typewriter
.

\family default
 ] { 
\emph on
digit
\emph default
 } [ 
\family typewriter
e
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
E
\family default
 [ 
\family typewriter
+
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
-
\family default
 ] 
\emph on
digit
\emph default
 { 
\emph on
digit
\emph default
 } ]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
quoted_character::= 
\emph on

\backslash
 any_character
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
character::= 
\emph on
any_character
\emph default
 | 
\emph on
quoted_character
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
string::= 
\family typewriter
"
\family default
 { 
\emph on
character
\emph default
 } 
\family typewriter
"
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
identifier_character::= 
\family typewriter
_
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
@
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
&
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
.

\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
$
\family default
 | 
\emph on
alpha_character
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
identifier::= 
\emph on
identifier_character
\emph default
 { 
\emph on
identifier_character
\emph default
 | 
\emph on
digit
\emph default
 }
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
function::= 
\emph on
identifier
\emph default
 [
\family typewriter
(
\family default
 [ 
\emph on
term
\emph default
 ] { 
\family typewriter
,
\family default
 [ 
\emph on
term
\emph default
 ] } 
\family typewriter
)
\family default
]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
label::= 
\emph on
identifier
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
parenterm::= 
\family typewriter
(
\family default
 
\emph on
term
\emph default
 
\family typewriter
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
negterm::= 
\family typewriter
-
\family default
 
\emph on
primary
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
primary::= 
\emph on
function
\emph default
 | 
\emph on
label
\emph default
 | 
\emph on
parenterm
\emph default
 | 
\emph on
negterm
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
powterm::= [
\family typewriter
-
\family default
]
\emph on
primary
\emph default
 { 
\family typewriter
‸
\family default
 
\emph on
primary
\emph default
 }
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
mathterm::= 
\emph on
powterm
\emph default
 { 
\family typewriter
/
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
*
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
%
\family default
 
\emph on
powterm
\emph default
 }
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
factor::= 
\emph on
mathterm
\emph default
 { 
\family typewriter
+
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
-
\family default
 
\emph on
mathterm
\emph default
 }
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
relterm::= 
\emph on
factor
\emph default
 {
\family typewriter
<
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
<=
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
>=
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
>
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
==
\family default
 | 
\family typewriter
!=
\family default
 
\emph on
factor
\emph default
 }
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
conjterm::= 
\emph on
relterm
\family sans
 
\emph default
{ 
\family typewriter
and
\family sans
 
\family default
\emph on
relterm
\family sans
 
\emph default
}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
term::= 
\emph on
conjterm
\family sans
 
\emph default
{ 
\family typewriter
or
\family sans
 
\family default
\emph on
conjterm
\family sans
 
\emph default
}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Implementation notes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that the implementation of a function can tell the difference between
 whether it is called with parentheses and no arguments, like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

func()
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, or called without parentheses at all, like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

func
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 – in the former case it receives an argument count of 0, and in the latter
 an argument count of -1.
 So the same symbol can have different semantics depending on which way
 it is called.
 In most cases such a difference is counterintuitive, but it seems to work
 fairly well for the directional 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

constants,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 i.e.
 bare 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

left
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is the displacement &(-1,0,0), whereas left() is the location one to the
 left.
 The no-parentheses form is also useful for constants like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

e
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

tau
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, and it is also used, for example, to allow the names of the functions
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

floor
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

round
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, etc.
 to be used as keywords for the int() function.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note also that some functions are actually implemented as 
\emph on
macros
\emph default
, which are just like functions but receive their arguments unevaluated.
 The difference is meant to be transparent to usage of the function, so
 it is not mentioned elsewhere in this documentation.
 However, the macro facility is necessary when the function would need to
 control the evaluation of the arguments, as in the short-circuiting logical
 operations, or takes an expression as an argument, say to evaluate it on
 other cells.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Frequently Asked Questions
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Can I see some examples of teapot in action?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sure, the standard distribution comes with an examples folder containing
 several spreadsheet files illustrating some of 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
's features.
 Each sheet is accompanied by a README file with a brief explanation of
 what is going on in the file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Why is 1.0 unequal 1.0?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If your machine uses binary floating point arithmetic, and chances are that
 it does, you may eventually find yourself in the following situation:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1+0.1
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You expect to see 1.0 as result, and indeed that is what you get.
 Now you compare this result to the constant 1.0, but surprisingly for many
 users, the result is 0.
 Appearantly, 1.0 is unequal 1.0 for 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is not a bug in 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
, in fact it is not a bug at all.
 The problem is, that 0.1 (1.0/10.0) does not have an exact representation
 in binary floating point arithmetic, similar to how 1.0/3.0 does not have
 an exact representation in decimal arithmetic (or binary, for that matter).
 As such, a value very close to 0.1 is used, but when displaying it, it will
 be rounded to 0.1.
 The result is obvious, adding this number which is a little different from
 0.1 ten times leads to a result very close to but not quite 1.0.
 Since it is so close, displaying it rounded to only a few digits precision
 shows 1.0.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To solve the comparison problem, 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 has the operator 
\family typewriter
~=
\family default
 (in contrast to the operator ==), which compares two floating point values
 apart from the last significant bit.
 Use this operator to compare the two values from above and the result will
 be 1, meaning they are about equal.
 Don't assume that a number which can be expressed with a finite number
 of decimal digits will be represented exactly in binary floating point
 arithmetic.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
How do I hide intermediate results?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you used flat, two-dimensional spread sheets before, you are probably
 used to hidden cells which contain intermediate results, global constants,
 scratch areas and the like.
 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 has no way to hide cells, but you have three dimensions.
 Just use one or more layers for such cells and give each cell a label in
 order to reference and find it easily.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Why is there no conditional evaluation?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There is no special operator or function for conditional evaluation.
 I could add one easily, but then next someone would ask for loops and someone
 else for user-defined functions, variables and so on.
 If you need a programming language, you know where to find it.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
But don't worry.
 The answer is, that conditional evaluation comes for free with 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
's orthogonal cell addressing.
 As an example, depending on the cell labelled 
\family typewriter
X
\family default
 being negative or not, you want the result to be the string 
\family typewriter
"BAD
\family default
 or 
\family typewriter
"GOOD"
\family default
.
 This is a solution:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
eval(BAD + &((@(X)>=0),0,0))
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note this is making use of the fact that you can add locations in the natural
 way.
 The cell labelled 
\family typewriter
BAD
\family default
 contains the string 
\family typewriter
"BAD"
\family default
, its right neighbour contains the string 
\family typewriter
"GOOD"
\family default
.
 If you have nested conditions, you could weight them with 1, 2, 4 and so
 on to address a bigger range of cells.
 Alternatively, you could make use of all three dimensions for nested conditions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you can also get conditional-like behavior using the logical expressio
ns.
 Suppose you want to use the value of the cell labeled 
\family sans
OPTION
\family default
 if it is non-empty and non-zero, and the value of the cell labeled 
\family sans
DEFAULT
\family default
 otherwise.
 Since the empty and zero values are considered false, but the logical operators
 short-circuit and preserve the original values of their arguments, you
 can achieve this with:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
@(OPTION) or @(DEFAULT)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
But my references don't do the right thing when I move or copy them!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you are used to other spreadsheets, you have probably noticed that references
 like 
\family sans
@(0,1,0)
\family default
 (for the start of the second row) or 
\family sans
@(MYDATA) 
\family default
(for a location) are 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

absolute
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 – they always refer to the same location no matter where in the spreadsheet
 they occur.
 And of course sometimes it is convenient, for example when making a column
 of consecutive numbers, to refer to nearby cells in a relative manner,
 either with say 
\family sans
@(x(),y()-1,z())+1
\family default
 or 
\family sans
@(&()+&(0,-1,0))+1
\family default
 or 
\family sans
R(,-1)+1
\family default
 or up()+1 to add one to the value of the cell which is one up from the
 current cell (all of these expressions work).
 Then you can fill that expression downwards and get your column of consecutive
 numbers.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
But these sorts of relative expressions only keep working if the cells move
 together with the cells they refer to.
 If for example you have a row of cells that are all referring to the row
 above with a relative reference (like 
\family sans
R(,-1)
\family default
) and you insert another row in between them, your references will be all
 messed up.
 There is value to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Excel-style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 references that can be used to fill and which also can move around while
 still just 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

referring to what you want.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To provide for this need, 
\noun on
teapot
\noun default
 has a function 
\family sans
\series bold
X
\series default
(SRC, REF)
\family default
 to retrieve the value of the cell labeled 
\family sans
SRC
\family default
 
\bar under
from
\bar default
 the cell labeled 
\family sans
REF
\family default
.
 If the so-labeled cells move around (either the source or the reference)
 it will still work.
 This is not particularly useful in and of itself; what makes it useful
 is that from a cell other than 
\family sans
REF
\family default
, it gives you the value of the cell that stands in the same relation to
 
\family sans
SRC
\family default
 as that cell stands to 
\family sans
REF
\family default
.
 So in the cell to the right of 
\family sans
REF
\family default
, it will give you the value of the cell to the right of 
\family sans
SRC
\family default
; in the cell below, it gives you the cell below 
\family sans
SRC
\family default
, etc.
 Now you can fill a block of cells around 
\family sans
REF
\family default
 with formulas contaning 
\family sans
X(SRC,REF)
\family default
 and they will refer to the analogous block of cells around 
\family sans
SRC
\family default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you want to make this kind of reference and fix one of the coordinates
 but not the others; 
\family sans
X()
\family default
 has optional flags for this, as well, so that 
\family sans
X(SRC,REF,,,fix)
\family default
 will always be on the same layer as 
\family sans
SRC
\family default
 regardless of what layer it is called from or what layer 
\family sans
REF
\family default
 is on.
 (This flag roughly corresponds to supplying the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in an Excel cell reference.) Thus 
\family sans
X(SRC,REF,fix,fix,fix)
\family default
 is just 
\family sans
@(SRC)
\family default
, but the intent of the latter is much clearer.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You might ask as a follow-up question: Isn't 
\family sans
X(SRC, REF)
\family default
 much more cumbersome than just referring to cells by coordinate and then
 letting Excel 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

do the right thing
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as you copy and move either that formula or the referred-to data? The response
 to this is that in a typical spreadsheet, there are only a small number
 of fundamental references, and all other references derive from them in
 this way.
 So you generally only need a few labels, and by taking just a little extra
 time to apply those labels and refer to them in initial formulas, you are
 making the semantics of your references much clearer and in essence documenting
 them within your spreadsheet.
 This modicum of extra effort will therefore be repaid in an easier-to-use,
 easier-to-understand, and easier-to-maintain and update spreadsheet.
\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document