fix: handle the TermEx->OptTermEx injection in Statix

Also move the signature of the semantic sort TYPE into its own
  file to facilitate sharing between Statix and Stratego.
  (Currently it is shared via symbolic link, but that may cause
  problems down the line; if/when it does, will have to look at
  physically copying the file into src-gen via an "Additional
  build step" using either Stratego or Ant.

  Also documents using Statix types from Stratego.

README.md

@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ language as possible to work in, given that I inevitably will be doing a
 bunch of coding. The language will be centrally organized around the
 concept of "streams" (somewhat in the spirit of
 [streem](https://github.com/matz/streem) and/or
-[Orc](http://orc.csres.utexas.edu/index.shtml)). In fact all higher-type
+[Orc](http://orc.csres.utexas.edu/index.shtml), or to a lesser extent,
+[Sisal-is](https://github.com/parsifal-47/sisal-is)). In fact all higher-type
 entities will be cast in terms of streams, or in slogan form, "++f++unctions
 and (binary) ++o++perators are ++str++eams" (hence the name "fostr").
 

bin/extract_tests.xsh

@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ for path in TEST_LIST:
     if pfm: continue   # skip examples that don't parse
     ntfm = re.search(r'\n\s*\]\].*?don.t.test', details)
     if ntfm: continue  # explicit skip
-    em = re.search(r'\n\s*\]\]', details)
+    em = re.search(r'\n\]\]', details)
     if not em: continue
-    example = details[:em.start()+1]
+    example = details[:em.start()+1].replace('[[','').replace(']]','')
     expath = destdir / f"{name}.{EXT}"
     expath.write_text(example)
     echo Wrote @(expath)

editor/Analysis.esv

@@ -22,3 +22,4 @@ menus
 
     action: "Show pre-analyzed AST" = debug-show-pre-analyzed (source)
     action: "Show analyzed AST"     = debug-show-analyzed
+    action: "Show analyzed type"    = debug-show-type

mkdocs.yml

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ site_name: fostr language
 nav:
 - README.md
 - tests/basic.md
+- trans/statics.md
 - implementation.md
 
 plugins:

signature/TYPE.str

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+TYPE.stx

signature/TYPE.stx

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+module signature/TYPE
+signature
+  sorts TYPE // semantic type
+  constructors
+    INT    : TYPE
+    STRING : TYPE
+    STREAM : TYPE

statics/util.stx

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+module statics/util
+imports signature/TYPE
+
+rules
+  lastTYPE : list(TYPE) -> TYPE
+  lastTYPE([T]) = T.
+  lastTYPE([U | TS]) = lastTYPE(TS).

syntax/fostr.sdf3

@@ -8,6 +8,14 @@ context-free start-symbols
   
   Start
 
+lexical sorts
+
+  STRING_LITERAL
+
+lexical syntax
+
+  STRING_LITERAL = "'"~[\']*"'"
+
 context-free sorts
 
   Start LineSeq Line OptTermEx TermExLst TermEx Ex
@@ -30,8 +38,9 @@ context-free syntax
   TermEx.Terminate = <<Ex>;>
 
   Ex.Int       = INT
+  Ex.LitString = STRING_LITERAL
   Ex.Stream    = <stream>
-  Ex.Sum      = [[Ex] +  [Ex]] {left}
+  Ex.Sum       = <<Ex> +  <Ex>> {left}
   Ex.Gets      = [[Ex] << [Ex]] {left}
   Ex.To        = [[Ex] >> [Ex]] {left}
 

tests/basic.spt

@@ -1,6 +1,16 @@
 module basic
 language fostr
 
+test hw1_type [[
+[[stream]] << [['Hello,	world! ']] << [[3+2]] << ' times.'
+]]
+run get-type on #1 to STREAM()
+run get-type on #2 to STRING()
+run get-type on #3 to INT()
+run get-type to STREAM()
+/** writes
+Hello,	world! 5 times.**/
+
 /** md
 Title: A whirlwind tour of fostr
 

tests/emit_thrice.fos

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-  stream << 72 + 87
+  stream << 'Some numbers: '
   stream << 88
     + 96
   99 + 12 >>

tests/hw.fos

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+stream << 'Hello,	world!'

trans/analysis.str

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 module analysis
-
 imports
 
   statixruntime
@@ -51,3 +50,18 @@ rules // Debugging
   debug-show-analyzed: (sel, _, _, path, projp) -> (filename, result)
     with filename := <guarantee-extension(|"analyzed.aterm")> path
        ; result   := sel
+
+  // Extract the type assigned to a node by Statix
+  get-type: node -> type
+    where
+      // Assigns variable a to be the result of the Statix analysis of the entire program (or throws an error)
+      a := <stx-get-ast-analysis <+ fail-msg(|$[no analysis on node [<strip-annos;write-to-string> node]])>;
+      // Gets the type of the given node (or throws an error)
+      type := <stx-get-ast-type(|a) <+ fail-msg(|$[no type on node [<strip-annos;write-to-string> node]])> node
+
+  fail-msg(|msg) = err-msg(|$[get-type: [msg]]); fail
+
+  // Prints the analyzed type of a selection.
+  debug-show-type: (sel, _, _, path, projp) -> (filename, result)
+    with filename := <guarantee-extension(|"type.aterm")> path
+       ; result   := <get-type> sel

trans/haskell.str

@@ -1,15 +1,25 @@
 module haskell
-imports libstrategolib signatures/- util
+imports libstrategolib signatures/- signature/TYPE util analysis
 rules
-  /* Approach: Generate code from the bottom up.
+  /* Approach:
-     At every node, we create a pair of the implementation and
+     A) We will define a local transformation taking a term with value strings
-     necessary preamble of IO actions.
+        at each child to a value string for the node.
-     We concatenate preambles as we go up.
+     B) We will append IO actions needed to set up for the value progressively
-     Finally, at the toplevel we emit the preamble before returning the
+        to a Preactions rule (mapping () to the list of actions). There will
-     final value.
+        be a utility `add-preaction` to append a new clause to value of this
+        rule.
+     C) We will use bottomup-para to traverse the full AST with the
+        transformation from A so that we have access to the original expression
+        (and get get the Statix-associated type when we need to).
+        Hence the transformation in (A) must actually take a pair of
+        an (original) term and a term with value strings at each child,
+        and be certain to return a value string.
+
+     Finally, at the toplevel we emit the result of <Preactions>() before
+     returning the final value.
    */
 
-  hs: TopLevel((c,p)) -> $[import System.IO
+  hs: (_, TopLevel(val)) -> $[import System.IO
   data IOStream = StdIO
 
   gets :: Show b => a -> b -> IO a
@@ -17,27 +27,61 @@ rules
     putStr(show d)
     return s
 
+  getsStr :: a -> String -> IO a
+  getsStr s d = do
+    putStr(d)
+    return s
+
   main = do
-    [p]return [c]]
+    [<Preactions>()]return [val]]
 
-  hs: Stream()             -> ("StdIO", "")
+  hs: (_, Stream())     -> "StdIO"
-  hs: Int(x)               -> (x, "")
+  hs: (_, Int(x))       -> x
-  hs: Sum( (c, p), (d, q)) -> ($[([c] + [d])], <conc-strings>(p,q))
+  hs: (_, LitString(x)) -> <haskLitString>x
+  hs: (_, Sum(x, y))    -> $[([x] + [y])]
 
-  hs: Gets((c, p), (d, q)) -> <hsget>(c,d,<conc-strings>(p,q),<newname>"fosgt")
+  hs: (Gets(_, xn), Gets(s, x)) -> v
-  hsget: (s, x, p, v) -> (v, <concat-strings>[p, $[[v] <- [s] `gets` [x]],
+    with v := <newname>"_fostr_get"
-                                              "\n"])
+       ; <add-preactions>[$[[v] <- [<hs_gets>(s, xn, x)]]]
+  hs: (To(xn, _), To(x, s))     -> v
+    with v := <newname>"_fostr_to"
+       ; <add-preactions>[$[let [v] = [x]], <hs_gets>(s, xn, v)]
 
-  hs: To(  (c, p), (d, q)) -> <hsto>(c,d,<conc-strings>(p,q),<newname>"fosto")
+  hs_gets: (s, xn, x ) -> $[[s] [<hs_getOp>xn] [x]]
-  hsto: (x, s, p, v) -> (v, <concat-strings>[p, $[let [v] = [x]], "\n",
+  hs_getOp = get-type; (?STRING() < !"`getsStr`" + !"`gets`")
-                                             $[[s] `gets` [v]], "\n"])
 
-  hs: Terminate((c,p))     -> ($[[c];;], p)
+  hs: (_, Terminate(x)) -> $[[x];;]
-  hs: Sequence(l)          -> (<last; Fst>l, <map(Snd); concat-strings>l)
+  hs: (_, Sequence(l))  -> <last>l
+  /* One drawback of using paramorphism is we have to handle lists
+     explicitly:
+   */
+  hs: (_, []) -> []
+  hs: (_, [x | xs]) -> [x | xs]
+
+  /* Another drawback of using paramorphism is at the very leaves we have
+     to undouble the tuple:
+   */
+  hs: (x, x) -> x where <is-string>x
+
+  /* Characters we need to escape in Haskell string constants */
+  Hascape: ['\t' | cs ] -> ['\', 't'  | cs ]
+  /* I think I can just use ASCII constants for characters... */
+  Hascape: [ 0   | cs ] -> ['\', '0'  | cs ]
+  Hascape: [ 7   | cs ] -> ['\', 'a'  | cs ] // Alert
+  Hascape: [ 8   | cs ] -> ['\', 'b'  | cs ] // Backspace
+  Hascape: [ 11  | cs ] -> ['\', 'v'  | cs ] // Vertical tab
+  Hascape: [ 12  | cs ] -> ['\', 'f'  | cs ] // Form feed
 
 strategies
+  haskLitString = un-single-quote
+                ; string-as-chars(escape-chars(Escape <+ Hascape))
+                ; double-quote
 
-  haskell = bottomup(try(hs))
+  haskell = rules(Preactions: () -> ""); bottomup-para(try(hs))
+
+  /* See "Approach" at top of file */
+  add-preactions = newp := <conc-strings>(<Preactions>(), <lines>)
+                 ; rules(Preactions: () -> newp)
 
   // Interface haskell code generation with editor services and file system
   to-haskell: (selected, _, _, path, project-path) -> (filename, result)

trans/javascript.str

@@ -13,13 +13,25 @@ rules
 
   js: Stream()     -> $[Stdio]
   js: Int(x)       -> x
+  js: LitString(x) -> <javaLitString>x
   js: Sum(x,y)     -> $[[x] + [y]]
   js: Gets(x, y)   -> $[[x].gets([y])]
   js: To(x, y)     -> $[to([x],[y])]
   js: Terminate(x) -> x
   js: Sequence(l)  -> <join(|";\n")>l
 
+  /* Characters we need to escape in Javascript string constants */
+  Jscape: ['\t' | cs ] -> ['\', 't'  | cs ]
+  /* I think I can just use ASCII constants for characters... */
+  Jscape: [ 0   | cs ] -> ['\', '0'  | cs ]
+  Jscape: [ 8   | cs ] -> ['\', 'b'  | cs ] // Backspace
+  Jscape: [ 11  | cs ] -> ['\', 'v'  | cs ] // Vertical tab
+  Jscape: [ 12  | cs ] -> ['\', 'f'  | cs ] // Form feed
+
 strategies
+  javaLitString = un-single-quote
+                ; string-as-chars(escape-chars(Escape <+ Jscape))
+                ; single-quote
 
   javascript = bottomup(try(js))
 

trans/python.str

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ rules
 
   py: Stream()     -> $[Stdio]
   py: Int(x)       -> x
+  py: LitString(x) -> $[r[x]]
   py: Sum(x,y)     -> $[[x] + [y]]
   py: Gets(x, y)   -> $[[x].gets([y])]
   py: To(x, y)     -> $[to([x],[y])]

trans/statics.stx

@@ -1,14 +1,257 @@
 module statics
 
 imports signatures/fostr-sig
+imports signature/TYPE
+imports statics/util
 
-// see docs/implementation.md for details on how to switch to multi-file analysis
+/** md
+Title: Adding Program Analysis with Statix
+
+## Development of fostr static analysis
+
+This section is more documentation of Spoofax in general and Statix
+in particular than of fostr itself, but is being maintained here in case
+it could be either helpful to someone getting started with Statix or
+helpful in understanding how the static characteristics of fostr were designed.
+
+As mentioned in the [Overview](../README.md), I don't like to program and a
+corollary of that is never to use a facility unless/until there's a need for
+it. So the first few rudimentary passes at fostr simply declared every program
+to be "OK" from the point of view of Statix:
+```statix
+{! "\git docs/statix_start:trans/statics.stx" extract:
+  start: programOk
+  stop: (.*TopLevel.*)
+!}
+```
+
+Then I reached the point at which the grammar was basically just
+```SDF3
+// Start.TopLevel = <Seq>
+// Seq            = <Ex>
+// Seq.Sequence   = sq:Ex+ {layout(align-list sq)}
+// Ex.Terminated  = <<Ex>;>
+{! "\git docs/statix_start:syntax/fostr.sdf3" extract:
+  start: TermEx.Terminate
+  stop: (.*bracket.*)
+!}
+```
+(The first four clauses are in comments because they approximate fostr's
+grammar; it actually uses a few more sorts for sequences of
+expressions, to achieve fostr's exact layout rules. Also note that the parsing
+of literal strings later evolved to include the surrounding single quotes,
+because the rule above implicitly allows layout between the quotes and the
+string contents, creating ambiguity.)
+
+This was the first point at which there were two different types that might
+need to be written to standard output (Int and String), and although of course
+the dynamically-typed Python and Javascript code generated dealt with both fine,
+the Haskell code needed to differ depending on the
+type of the item written (and I hadn't even started OCaml code generation at
+that point since I knew it would be hopeless without statically typing fostr
+programs).
+
+So it was time to bite the bullet and add type checking via Statix to fostr.
+The first step was to replace the simple assertion that any TopLevel
+is OK with a constraint that its Seq must type properly, and an assignment of
+that type to the top level node:
+```statix
+programOk(tl@TopLevel(seq)) :- {T}
+  type_Seq(seq) == T,
+  @tl.type := T.
+```
+Of course, for this to even parse, we must have a definition of `type_Seq`:
+```statix
+{! ../signature/TYPE.stx extract: {start: module, stop: rules} !}
+**/
+
+// see docs/implementation.md for detail on how to switch to multi-file analysis
 
 rules // single-file entry point
 
   programOk : Start
 
-  programOk(TopLevel(_)).
+  /** md
+rules
+  type_Seq : Seq -> TYPE
+```
+  **/
+
+  type_LineSeq : LineSeq -> TYPE
+
+  programOk(tl@TopLevel(seq)) :- {T}
+    type_LineSeq(seq) == T,
+    @tl.type := T.
+
+  /** md
+Now to type a Seq, we look to the syntax, and see that there are two
+possibilities for what it might be: just an Ex, or a Sequence(_) of a
+list of 'Ex's. For the first, Statix does not allow one sort to simply
+"become" another, but the Spoofax infrastructure automatically inserts
+"injection" constructors for us, in this case one named Ex2Seq. So the
+first rule for `type_Seq` is straightforward:
+
+```statix
+  type_Seq(s@Ex2Seq(e)) = T : -
+    type_Ex(e) == T,
+    @s.type := T.
+```
+where of course type_Ex needs its own declaration analogous to the above.
+  **/
+
+  type_Line : Line -> TYPE
+
+  type_LineSeq(ls@Line2LineSeq(l)) = T :-
+    type_Line(l) == T,
+    @ls.type := T.
+
+  /** md
+
+The other (and in fact more typical) rule for `type_Seq`, when it actually
+consists of a sequence of expressions, is a bit more involved. Fortunately
+Statix provides a primitive for mapping over a list, so we can proceed as
+follows:
+```statix
+  types_Exs maps type_Ex(list(*)) = list(*)
+  type_Seq(s@Sequence(l)) = T :- {lt}
+    types_Exs(l) == lt,
+    lastTYPE(lt) == T,
+    @s.type := T.
+```
+Here `lastTYPE` is a function that extracts the last TYPE from a list.
+Unless/until Statix develops some sort of standard library, it must be
+hand-defined, as done in "statics/util.stx" like so:
+```statix
+{! ../statics/util.stx extract: {start: lastTYPE} !}
+```
+  **/
+
+  types_Lines maps type_Line(list(*)) = list(*)
+
+  type_LineSeq(ls@Sequence(l)) = T :- {lt}
+    types_Lines(l) == lt,
+    lastTYPE(lt) == T,
+    @ls.type := T.
+
+  type_OptTermEx : OptTermEx -> TYPE
+
+  type_Line(l@OptTermEx2Line(ote)) = T :-
+    type_OptTermEx(ote) == T,
+    @l.type := T.
+
+  type_Ex     :     Ex -> TYPE
+  type_TermEx : TermEx -> TYPE
+
+  type_OptTermEx(ote@Ex2OptTermEx(e)) = T :-
+    type_Ex(e) == T,
+    @ote.type := T.
+
+  type_OptTermEx(ote@TermEx2OptTermEx(te)) = T :-
+    type_TermEx(te) == T,
+    @ote.type := T.
+
+  /** md
+
+This brings us to the syntax rules for the basic expressions themselves,
+which comprise almost all of the remaining fostr language constructs.
+But first a mechanism suggested by Ivo Wilms to avoid repeating the node
+type annotation in every rule:
+```statix
+  **/
+
+  /** md */
+  ty_Ex : Ex -> TYPE
+
+  type_Ex(e) = ty@ty_Ex(e) :-
+    @e.type := ty.
+  /* **/
+
+  /** md
+```
+At this stage in fostr's development, there was no difference between a
+terminated and unterminated expression, so the typing rule for that
+constructor was trivial:
+```statix
+  ty_Ex(Terminated(e)) = ty_Ex(e).
+```
+  **/
+
+  type_TermEx(te@Terminate(e)) = T :-
+    type_Ex(e) == T,
+    @te.type := T.
+
+  /** md
+
+Now typing literals is straightforward:
+```statix
+  **/
+
+  /** md */
+  ty_Ex(Int(_))       = INT().
+  ty_Ex(LitString(_)) = STRING().
+  ty_Ex(e@Stream())   = STREAM().
+  /* **/
+
+  /** md
+```
+
+Finally we get to the binary operators, and here we use the pattern found in
+recent versions of the
+"[chicago](https://github.com/MetaBorgCube/statix-sandbox/tree/master/chicago)"
+example language and in the Fall 2020 TU-Delft class lecture on
+[Name Binding and Name Resolution](https://tudelft-cs4200-2020.github.io/lectures/2020/09/24/lecture5/).
+This pattern lets us specify error messages.
+
+```statix
+  **/
+
+  /** md */
+  ty_Ex(Sum(e1, e2)) = INT() :-
+    type_Ex(e1) == INT() | error $[Expression [e1] not an Int in sum.]@e1,
+    type_Ex(e2) == INT() | error $[Expression [e2] not an Int in sum.]@e2.
+
+  ty_Ex(Gets(e1, e2)) = STREAM() :- {T}
+    type_Ex(e1) == STREAM() | error $[Only Streams may receive items.]@e1,
+    type_Ex(e2) == T.
+
+  ty_Ex(To(e1, e2)) = T :-
+    type_Ex(e1) == T,
+    type_Ex(e2) == STREAM() | error $[Items may only be sent to Streams.]@e2.
+  /* **/
+
+  /** md
+```
+
+### Using type annotations in transformation
+
+At this point, Statix properly types all of the valid programs of the very
+rudimentary language defined by the grammar above. But the proximate purpose
+for implementing this typing was to aid Haskell code generation. So how
+do we actually use the assigned types in a Stratego transformation?
+
+Statix provides a Stratego api that includes, among other items, strategies
+`stx-get-ast-analysis` and `stx-get-ast-type(|analysis)` that provide access
+to the assigned types. However, it's easiest to use the information via
+a wrapper like this, essentially lifted from the "chicago" language project:
+```stratego
+{! analysis.str extract:
+  start: Extract.the.type
+terminate: Prints.the.analyzed.type
+!}
+```
+
+Now `get_type` run on a node of the analyzed AST produces the assigned `TYPE`
+(as an ATerm in the constructors of sort TYPE in Statix).
+
+Thus, you can select on the assigned type, as in the strategy to select
+the correct Haskell operator to use to send an item to standard output:
+```stratego
+{! haskell.str extract:
+  start: '(.*hs_getOp.=.*)'
+  stop: \s
+!}
+```
+  **/
 
 rules // multi-file entry point