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.drone.yml Normal file
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---
kind: pipeline
name: examples
steps:
- name: build
image: maven
volumes:
- name: lib
path: /drone/lib
- name: m2
path: /root/.m2
commands:
- mvn -ntp verify
- cd /drone/lib
- git clone https://github.com/metaborg/spt.git
- cd spt/org.metaborg.spt.cmd
- mvn -ntp package
- name: run_spt
image: maven
volumes:
- name: lib
path: /drone/lib
- name: m2
path: /root/.m2
commands:
- cd /drone/lib/spt/org.metaborg.meta.lang.spt
- mvn -ntp verify
- cd /drone/src
- java -jar /drone/lib/spt/org.metaborg.spt.cmd/target/org.metaborg.spt.cmd* -l . -s /drone/lib/spt/org.metaborg.meta.lang.spt -t tests
- mkdir -p lib
- curl -o lib/sunshine.jar -L 'http://artifacts.metaborg.org/service/local/artifact/maven/redirect?r=snapshots&g=org.metaborg&a=org.metaborg.sunshine2&v=LATEST'
- bin/fosgen tests/emit_sum.fos
- name: extract_tests
image: xonsh/xonsh
commands:
- xonsh bin/extract_tests.xsh
- name: generate_tests
image: maven
volumes:
- name: lib
path: /drone/lib
- name: m2
path: /root/.m2
commands:
- bin/generate_test_code
- name: python_tests
image: python:slim
commands:
- bin/run_tests python py
- name: javascript_tests
image: node
commands:
- bin/run_tests node js
- name: haskell_tests
image: haskell
commands:
- bin/run_tests runghc hs
volumes:
- name: lib
temp: {}
- name: m2
temp: {}

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.gitignore vendored
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/.cache
/bin
/lib
/src-gen
/target
@ -9,3 +9,10 @@
/.factorypath
/.polyglot.metaborg.yaml
*.aterm
/site
tests/extracted/*
tests/*.js
tests/*.py
tests/*.hs

208
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48
README.md
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# fostr Language Specification
# The fostr programming language
## Using Statix for multi-file analysis
I don't really like to write code, but I do like the things that coding can
build for me: accounting systems for non-profits I care about, spreadsheets
that have a reasonable calculation language for cell contents, geometric
visualizations that really help to understand three (and maybe even four!)
dimensions.
By default the project is configured to analyze all files of your language in
isolation -- single-file analysis. It is also possible to configure the project
such that all files are analyzed together, and files can refer to each other --
multi-file analysis.
So I embarked on this project to see if I could produce as comfortable a
language as possible to work in, given that I inevitably will be doing a
bunch of coding. The language will be
organized around (unary) ++f++unctions, (binary) ++o++perators, and
(nullary) ++str++eams, hence the name "fostr".
To enable multi-file analysis, do the following:
1. Uncomment the `(multifile)` option in `editor/Analysis.esv`
2. Uncomment the multi-file definition, and comment the single-file version, of
`editor-analyze` in `trans/analysis.str`.
Other guiding principles:
NB. When working in an IDE such as Eclipse, it is necessary to _restart the IDE_
after switching from single-file to multi-file analysis or vice versa. Failure to
do so will result in exceptions during analysis.
* Maximize signal to noise ratio in code, which means minimizing the number
of symbols that have to be there just for the syntax; reducing punctuation;
seeking brief syntax that is not too terse; etc.
* Since code is always structurally indented anyway, make use of that and
don't repeat information that's in the whitespace. This principle meshes
well with the previous one, and if whitespace significance is baked into
the language design from the ground up, it can be kept both effective and
natural.
* Code uses functions all the time. So needless to say, functions should be
first-class entities that are exceptionally easy to create, pass around,
etc.
* And true to the name, operators and streams should be just as easy to handle.
* Try to keep the constructs available as simple to reason about as possible,
and practical to use. So side effects are OK, and it should be clear when
they occur and in what order. And if possible, fostr will consist **only**
of expressions, no other syntactic constructs. Everything has a value.
<!-- /md -->
Like just about every other language, this documentation begins with a
[whirlwind tour](http::/studioinfinity.org/fostr/basic).

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#!/usr/bin/env xonsh
import re
#### Set Parameters
# Should be a list of Path objects:
TEST_LIST = pg`tests/*.spt`
# Should be the top-level directory for all extracted tests:
# (there will be one subdirectory per item in TEST_LIST)
DESTINATION = 'tests/extracted'
# Extension for extracted files:
EXT = 'fos'
# Extension for expectations:
EXP = 'expect'
for path in TEST_LIST:
destdir = pf"{DESTINATION}/{path.stem}"
mkdir -p @(destdir)
contents = path.read_text()
tests = re.split(r'test\s*(.+?)\s*\[\[.*?\n', contents)[1:]
testit = iter(tests)
for name, details in zip(testit, testit):
em = re.search(r'\n\s*\]\]', details)
if not em: continue
example = details[:em.start()+1]
expath = destdir / f"{name}.{EXT}"
expath.write_text(example)
echo Wrote @(expath)
xm = re.search(r'/\*\*\s+writes.*?\n([\s\S]*?)\*\*/', details[em.end():])
if xm:
xpath = destdir / f"{name}.{EXP}"
xpath.write_text(xm[1])
echo " ...and" @(xpath)

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bin/fosgen Executable file
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#!/bin/bash
##### Convenience:
erro() { printf "%s\n" "$*" >&2; }
##### Set defaults:
SUPPRESS_ERR=YES
LANGUAGE=Python
##### Extract command line options:
while [[ $1 = -* ]]
do
case $1 in
-h|--help)
echo
echo "Usage:"
echo " fosgen [-d] [-l LANGUAGE] FILE"
echo
echo "Writes to standard output the code generated from the fostr"
echo "program in FILE, targeting the specified LANGUAGE (which"
echo "defaults to Python)."
echo
echo "The -d option writes diagnostic output to standard error."
exit
;;
-d)
SUPPRESS_ERR=''
;;
-l)
shift
LANGUAGE="$1"
;;
esac
shift
done
##### Get positional arguments:
PROGRAM=$1
##### Corral resources:
BINDIR=$(dirname $BASH_SOURCE)
SUNJAR="$BINDIR/../lib/sunshine.jar"
PROJDIR="$BINDIR/.."
if [[ ! -f $SUNJAR ]]; then
erro "Please download the Spoofax Sunshine jar to the lib directory."
erro "Recommended command:"
erro " curl -o lib/sunshine.jar -L 'http://artifacts.metaborg.org/service/local/artifact/maven/redirect?r=snapshots&g=org.metaborg&a=org.metaborg.sunshine2&v=LATEST'"
exit 1
fi
if [[ ! $MVN_REPO ]]; then
MVN_REPO="$HOME/.m2/repository"
fi
if [[ ! -d $MVN_REPO ]]; then
MVN_REPO="/root/.m2/repository"
fi
if [[ ! -d $MVN_REPO ]]; then
erro "Cannot find your Maven repository. Please set environment variable"
erro "MVN_REPO to its full path and re-run."
exit 1
fi
##### Perform the code generation:
if [[ $SUPPRESS_ERR ]]
then
exec 2>/dev/null
fi
java -jar $SUNJAR transform -p $PROJDIR -l $PROJDIR -l $MVN_REPO -n $LANGUAGE -i $PROGRAM
exit $?

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bin/generate_test_code Executable file
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#!/bin/bash
failed=0
for dir in tests/extracted/*; do
for file in $dir/*.fos; do
for language in Python Javascript Haskell; do
echo bin/fosgen -l ${language%.*} $file ...
bin/fosgen -l $language $file
if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
echo ' ... Failed.'
((failed++))
fi
done
done
done
echo "Code generation completed with $failed failures."
exit $failed

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bin/run_tests Executable file
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#!/bin/bash
command=$1
ext=$2
total=0
failed=0
diffed=0
for dir in tests/extracted/*; do
for file in $dir/*.$ext; do
((total++))
$command $file > $file.out
if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
echo ERROR: $command $file failed.
((failed++))
else
if [[ -f ${file%.*}.expect ]]; then
echo ---- diff ${file%.*}.expect $file.out ----
diff ${file%.*}.expect $file.out
if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
((diffed++))
fi
echo -------------------------------
fi
fi
done
done
echo "Ran $total tests: $failed failures, $diffed runs differed."
if [[ $failed -gt 0 ]] || [[ $diffed -gt 0 ]]; then
exit 1
fi
exit 0

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docs/implementation.md Normal file
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## Using Statix for multi-file analysis
By default the project is configured to analyze all files of your language in
isolation -- single-file analysis. It is also possible to configure the project
such that all files are analyzed together, and files can refer to each other --
multi-file analysis.
To enable multi-file analysis, do the following:
1. Uncomment the `(multifile)` option in `editor/Analysis.esv`
2. Uncomment the multi-file definition, and comment the single-file version, of
`editor-analyze` in `trans/analysis.str`.
NB. When working in an IDE such as Eclipse, it is necessary to _restart the IDE_
after switching from single-file to multi-file analysis or vice versa. Failure to
do so will result in exceptions during analysis.

2
editor/Analysis.esv
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ imports
language
// see README.md for details on how to switch to multi-file analysis
// see docs/implementation.md for details on how to switch to multi-file analysis
observer : editor-analyze (constraint) // (multifile)

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editor/Generation.esv Normal file
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module Generation
menus
menu: "Generation" (openeditor)
action: "Python" = to-python
action: "Javascript" = to-javascript
action: "Haskell" = to-haskell

1
editor/Main.esv
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@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ imports
Syntax
Analysis
Generation
language

2
editor/Syntax.esv
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ imports
language
table : target/metaborg/sdf.tbl
start symbols : Start
start symbols : Ex
line comment : "//"
block comment : "/*" * "*/"

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mkdocs.yml Normal file
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site_name: fostr language
nav:
- README.md
- tests/basic.md
- implementation.md
plugins:
- search
- semiliterate:
ignore_folders: [target]
exclude_extensions: ['.o', '.hi']
extract_standard_markdown:
terminate: <!-- /md -->
theme:
name: readthedocs
markdown_extensions:
- attr_list
- markdown-del-ins
- pymdownx.superfences
- pymdownx.highlight:
use_pygments: true
- smarty

21
syntax/fostr.sdf3
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@ -6,12 +6,27 @@ imports
context-free start-symbols
Start
Ex
context-free sorts
Start
Ex
context-free syntax
Start.Empty = <>
Ex.Int = INT
Ex.Stdio = <stdio>
Ex.Sum = {Ex "+"}+
Ex.Receives = [[Ex] << [Ex]] {left}
context-free priorities
Ex.Sum
> Ex.Receives,
// prevent cycle: no singletons
Ex.Sum <0> .> {Ex "+"}+ = Ex,
// flat: no Sum immediately in Sum:
{Ex "+"}+ = Ex <0> .> Ex.Sum,
{Ex "+"}+ = {Ex "+"}+ "+" Ex <2> .> Ex.Sum

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tests/basic.spt Normal file
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module basic
language fostr
/** md
Title: A whirlwind tour of fostr
## Whirlwind tour
fostr is just in its infancy, so it's not yet even ready for
Hello, World. The best we can offer now is this little snippet
that writes the sum of the ASCII codes for 'H', 'W', and '!' to standard output:
```fostr
**/
/** md */ test emit_sum [[
stdio << 72 + 87 + 33
]]/* **/ parse to Receives(Stdio(), Sum([Int("72"), Int("87"), Int("33")]))
/** writes
192**/
/** md
```
At the moment, there are only two ways to run a file containing fostr code
(you can find the above in `tests/emit_sum.fos`). They both start by
cloning this fostr project. Then, either:
1. Open the project in Eclipse and build it, visit your program file,
generate code from it in your preferred target language (among
the options available in the "Spoofax > Generate" menu), and execute the
resulting code.
1. Use the `bin/fosgen` bash script to generate code in a target language,
and execute the resulting code.
For example, this snippet generates the following Python:
```python
{! ../examples/emit_sum.py extract:
start: 'Stdio\s='
!}
```
(which writes "192" to standard output), or this non-idiomatic, inefficient, but
working Javascript:
```javascript
{! ../examples/emit_sum.js extract:
start: '^}'
!}
```
In either case, there's also a preamble defining Stdio that's generated.
(Haskell code generation is also currently supported.)
### Everything has a value
As mentioned in the [Introduction](../README.md), everything in a fostr
program (including the entire program itself) is an expression and has
a value. So what's the value of that expression above? Well, `stdio` is our
first example of a stream, and for convenience, the value of a stream
receiving an item is just the stream back again. The `<<` operator is also
left-associative, so that way we can chain insertions into a stream:
```fostr
**/
/** md */ test emit_twice [[
stdio << 72 + 87 + 33 << 291
]]/* **/ parse to Receives(
Receives(Stdio(), Sum([Int("72"), Int("87"), Int("33")])),
Int("291"))
/** writes
192291**/
/** md
```
Running this program produces a nice palindromic output: "192291".
**/

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tests/emit_sum.fos Normal file
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stdio << 72 + 87 + 33

6
trans/analysis.str
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@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ rules // Analysis
// single-file analysis
editor-analyze = stx-editor-analyze(pre-analyze, post-analyze|"statics", "programOk")
// see README.md for details on how to switch to multi-file analysis
// see docs/implementation.md for details on how to switch to multi-file analysis
// multi-file analysis
// editor-analyze = stx-editor-analyze(pre-analyze, post-analyze|"statics", "projectOk", "fileOk")
pre-analyze = origin-track-forced(explicate-injections-fostr-Start)
post-analyze = origin-track-forced(implicate-injections-fostr-Start)
pre-analyze = origin-track-forced(explicate-injections-fostr-Ex)
post-analyze = origin-track-forced(implicate-injections-fostr-Ex)
rules // Editor Services

3
trans/fostr.str
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@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ imports
pp
outline
analysis
haskell
javascript
python
rules // Debugging

41
trans/haskell.str Normal file
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module haskell
imports libstrategolib signatures/-
signature
constructors
TopLevel: Ex -> Ex
rules
hs: TopLevel(x) -> $[import System.IO
data IOStream = StdIO
stdio :: IO IOStream
stdio = return StdIO
receives :: Show b => IO a -> b -> IO a
receives s d = do
temp <- s
putStr(show d)
return temp
main = do
[<hs>x]]
hs: Stdio() -> $[stdio]
hs: Int(x) -> x
hs: Sum(x) -> $[sum [<hs>x]]
hs: Receives(x, y) -> $[[<hs>x] `receives` [<hs>y]]
hs: [] -> $<[]>
hs: [x | xs] -> $<[<<hs>x><<hstail>xs>]>
strategies
// wrap expression in a toplevel and then apply code generation
haskell = !TopLevel(<id>); hs
// translate each element of a list, prepending each with ',', and concatenate
hstail = foldr(!"", \ (x,y) -> $<, <<hs>x><y>> \)
// Interface haskell code generation with editor services and file system
to-haskell: (selected, _, _, path, project-path) -> (filename, result)
with filename := <guarantee-extension(|"hs")> path
; result := <haskell> selected

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trans/javascript.str Normal file
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module javascript
imports libstrategolib signatures/-
signature
constructors
TopLevel: Ex -> Ex
rules
js: TopLevel(x) -> $[const Stdio = {
receives: v => { process.stdout.write(String(v)); return Stdio; }
}
[<js>x]]
js: Stdio() -> $[Stdio]
js: Int(x) -> x
js: Sum(x) -> $[[<js>x].reduce((v,w) => v+w)]
js: Receives(x, y) -> $[[<js>x].receives([<js>y])]
js: [] -> $<[]>
js: [x | xs] -> $<[<<js>x><<jstail>xs>]>
strategies
// wrap expression in a toplevel and then apply code generation
javascript = !TopLevel(<id>); js
// translate each element of a list, prepending each with ',', and concatenate
jstail = foldr(!"", \ (x,y) -> $<, <<js>x><y>> \)
// Interface javascript code generation with editor services and file system
to-javascript: (selected, _, _, path, project-path) -> (filename, result)
with filename := <guarantee-extension(|"js")> path
; result := <javascript> selected

34
trans/python.str Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
module python
imports libstrategolib signatures/-
signature
constructors
TopLevel: Ex -> Ex
rules
py: TopLevel(x) -> $[import sys
class StdioC:
def receives(self, v):
print(v, file=sys.stdout, end='')
return self
Stdio = StdioC()
[<py>x]]
py: Stdio() -> $[Stdio]
py: Int(x) -> x
py: Sum(x) -> $[sum([<py>x])]
py: Receives(x, y) -> $[[<py>x].receives([<py>y])]
py: [] -> $<[]>
py: [x | xs] -> $<[<<py>x><<pytail>xs>]>
strategies
// wrap expression in a toplevel and then apply code generation
python = !TopLevel(<id>); py
// translate each element of a list, prepending each with ',', and concatenate
pytail = foldr(!"", \ (x,y) -> $[, [<py>x][y]] \)
// Interface python code generation with editor services and file system
to-python: (selected, _, _, path, project-path) -> (filename, result)
with filename := <guarantee-extension(|"py")> path
; result := <python> selected

18
trans/statics.stx
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@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
module statics
// see README.md for details on how to switch to multi-file analysis
imports signatures/fostr-sig
// see docs/implementation.md for details on how to switch to multi-file analysis
rules // single-file entry point
programOk : Start
programOk : Ex
programOk(Empty()).
programOk(Sum(_)).
programOk(Receives(_,_)).
rules // multi-file entry point
@ -14,11 +17,6 @@ rules // multi-file entry point
projectOk(s).
fileOk : scope * Start
fileOk : scope * Ex
fileOk(s, Empty()).
signature
sorts Start constructors
Empty : Start
fileOk(s, Receives(_,_)).